Senegal introduced the monovalent Rotavirus vaccine into its Expanded Program on Immunization in November 2014. The main objective of this study was to monitor the distribution of Rotavirus strains following vaccine introduction in Senegal. Materials and Methods Stool specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age who were hospitalized or under observation at the Albert Royer National Children’s Hospital in Dakar from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2020. Rotavirus antigen detection was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular characterization of ELISA-positive samples was conducted at the West African Regional Rotavirus Reference Laboratory in Accra, Ghana. Results: A total of 313 ELISA-positive samples underwent molecular characterization: 235 samples (75.07%) were collected before vaccine introduction and 78 samples (24.93%) after. During the pre-vaccine period, VP7 genotypes G1 and G12 and VP4 genotypes P[6] and P[8] accounted for more than 90% of circulating G and P genotypes. In the post-vaccine period, VP7 genotypes G3 and G1 represented over 47% of strains, while VP4 genotypes P[6] and P[8] comprised nearly 90%. The predominant strain combinations were G12P[8] and G1P[6] before vaccine introduction, shifting to G3P[8] and G1P[8] afterward. Conclusion G12P[8] and G1P[6] genotypes predominated in the pre-vaccine era, whereas G3P[8] and G1P[8] were the most frequent after vaccine introduction. Continuous surveillance in the post-vaccine period is essential to monitor circulating Rotavirus strains and detect unusual or emerging genotypes.
References
[1]
Tate, J.E., Burton, A.H., Boschi-Pinto, C. and Parashar, U.D. (2016) Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children < 5 Years of Age, 2000-2013. ClinicalInfectiousDiseases, 62, S96-S105. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ1013
[2]
Digwo, D., Chidebelu, P., Ugwu, K., Adediji, A., Farkas, K. and Chigor, V. (2022) Prevalence and Relative Risk of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children under Five Years in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PathogensandGlobalHealth, 117, 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2022.2043223
[3]
Mourez, T., Sonia, B., Boutolleau, D. and Pillet, S. (2020) Traité de virologie médicale 2ème édition; Virus des gastro-entérites: Rotavirus et Norovirus. Société Française de Virologie, 502.
[4]
Mukaratirwa, A., Berejena, C., Nziramasanga, P., Ticklay, I., Gonah, A., Nathoo, K., et al. (2018) Distribution of Rotavirus Genotypes Associated with Acute Diarrhoea in Zimbabwean Children Less than Five Years Old before and after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction. Vaccine, 36, 7248-7255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.069
[5]
Mwenda, J.M., Abebe, A., Adegbola, R.A., et al. (2019) Rotavirus Strain Diversity and Impact of Vaccination in Africa. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19, e34-e41.
[6]
Flook, P.K., Wilson, M.D. and Post, R.J. (1992) The Repetitive Use of DNA Probes in the Analysis of Natural Populations of Insects and Parasites. In: Berry, R.J., Crawford, T.J. and Hewitt, G.M., Eds., Genes in Ecology, British Ecological Society/Blackwell Scientific Publication, 484-486.
[7]
Asmah, R.H., Green, J., Armah, G.E., Gallimore, C.I., Gray, J.J., Iturriza-Gómara, M., et al. (2001) Rotavirus G and P Genotypes in Rural Ghana. JournalofClinicalMicrobiology, 39, 1981-1984. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.39.5.1981-1984.2001
[8]
Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0
[9]
Herring, A.J., Inglis, N.F., Ojeh, C.K., Snodgrass, D.R. and Menzies, J.D. (1982) Rapid Diagnosis of Rotavirus Infection by Direct Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid in Silver-Stained Polyacrylamide Gels. JournalofClinicalMicrobiology, 16, 473-477. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.16.3.473-477.1982
[10]
Steele, A.D., Alexander, J.J. and Hay, I.T. (1986) Rotavirus-Associated Gastroenteritis in Black Infants in South Africa. JournalofClinicalMicrobiology, 23, 992-994. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.23.5.992-994.1986
[11]
Iturriza-Gómara, M., Kang, G. and Gray, J. (2004) Rotavirus Genotyping: Keeping up with an Evolving Population of Human Rotaviruses. JournalofClinicalVirology, 31, 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.04.009
[12]
Gentsch, J.R., Glass, R.I., Woods, P., Gouvea, V., Gorziglia, M., Flores, J., et al. (1992) Identification of Group a Rotavirus Gene 4 Types by Polymerase Chain Reaction. JournalofClinicalMicrobiology, 30, 1365-1373. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.30.6.1365-1373.1992
[13]
Gouvea, V., Glass, R.I., Woods, P., Taniguchi, K., Clark, H.F., Forrester, B., et al. (1990) Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification and Typing of Rotavirus Nucleic Acid from Stool Specimens. JournalofClinicalMicrobiology, 28, 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.2.276-282.1990
[14]
Ministry of Health and Social Action of Senegal (2020) Annual Report on Vaccination Coverage, 2019.
[15]
Leshem, E., Lopman, B., Glass, R., Gentsch, J., Bányai, K., Parashar, U., et al. (2014) Distribution of Rotavirus Strains and Strain-Specific Effectiveness of the Rotavirus Vaccine after Its Introduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TheLancetInfectiousDiseases, 14, 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70832-1
[16]
Patel, M., Shane, A.L., Parashar, U.D., Jiang, B., Gentsch, J.R. and Glass, R.I. (2009) Oral Rotavirus Vaccines: How Well Will They Work Where They Are Needed Most? TheJournalofInfectiousDiseases, 200, S39-S48. https://doi.org/10.1086/605035
[17]
Armah, G.E., Pager, C.T., Asmah, R.H., Anto, F.R., Oduro, A.R., Binka, F., et al. (2001) Prevalence of Unusual Human Rotavirus Strains in Ghanaian Children. JournalofMedicalVirology, 63, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9071(200101)63:1<67::aid-jmv1010>3.3.co;2-k
[18]
Chieochansin, T., Vutithanachot, V., Phumpholsup, T., Posuwan, N., Theamboonlers, A. and Poovorawan, Y. (2016) The Prevalence and Genotype Diversity of Human Rotavirus a Circulating in Thailand, 2011-2014. Infection, GeneticsandEvolution, 37, 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.011
[19]
Amit, L.N., Mori, D., John, J.L., Chin, A.Z., Mosiun, A.K., Jeffree, M.S., et al. (2021) Emergence of Equine-Like G3 Strains as the Dominant Rotavirus among Children under Five with Diarrhea in Sabah, Malaysia during 2018-2019. PLOSONE, 16, e0254784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254784
[20]
Boni-Cisse, C., Meite, S., Mlan, A.B., Zaba, F., N’Guessan, R., Lepri, N.A., et al. (2018) Genotypic Characterization of Rotavirus in Children under 5 Years Circulating in Côte d’Ivoire from 2010 to 2013. Virology Journal, 15, Article No. 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-0973-z
[21]
Bar-Zeev, N., Kapanda, L., Tate, J.E., Jere, K.C., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Nakagomi, O., et al. (2015) Effectiveness of a Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine in Infants in Malawi after Programmatic Roll-Out: An Observational and Case-Control Study. TheLancetInfectiousDiseases, 15, 422-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71060-6
[22]
Correia, J.B., Patel, M.M., Nakagomi, O., Montenegro, F.M.U., Germano, E.M., Correia, N.B., et al. (2010) Effectiveness of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine (Rotarix) against Severe Diarrhea Caused by Serotypically Unrelated G2PStrains in Brazil. TheJournalofInfectiousDiseases, 201, 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1086/649843
[23]
Santos, N. and Hoshino, Y. (2004) Global Distribution of Rotavirus Serotypes/Genotypes and Its Implication for the Development and Implementation of an Effective Rotavirus Vaccine. ReviewsinMedicalVirology, 15, 29-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.448
[24]
Seheri, L.M., Magagula, N.B., Peenze, I., Rakau, K., Ndadza, A., Mwenda, J.M., et al. (2018) Rotavirus Strain Diversity in Eastern and Southern African Countries before and after Vaccine Introduction. Vaccine, 36, 7222-7230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.068
[25]
Bibera, G.L., Chen, J., Pereira, P. and Benninghoff, B. (2020) Dynamics of G2P[4] Strain Evolution and Rotavirus Vaccination: A Review of Evidence for Rotarix. Vaccine, 38, 5591-5600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.059
[26]
Franco, M.A., Angel, J. and Greenberg, H.B. (2006) Immunity and Correlates of Protection for Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccine, 24, 2718-2731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.048
[27]
Mhango, C., Mandolo, J.J., Chinyama, E., Wachepa, R., Kanjerwa, O., Malamba-Banda, C., et al. (2020) Rotavirus Genotypes in Hospitalized Children with Acute Gastroenteritis before and after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Blantyre, Malawi, 1997-2019. TheJournalofInfectiousDiseases, 225, 2127-2136. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa616
[28]
Mpabalwani, E.M., Simwaka, J.C., Mwenda, J.M., Matapo, B., Parashar, U.D. and Tate, J.E. (2018) Sustained Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine on Rotavirus Hospitalisations in Lusaka, Zambia, 2009-2016. Vaccine, 36, 7165-7169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.077
