Introduction: Radiation pulmonary injury (RPI) is a prevalent complication in scenarios such as nuclear radiation disaster accidents, nuclear terror events, chest tumor treatment, and bone marrow transplantation preconditioning. Alongside the swift advancement of molecular biology and cell detection technology, research on cell radiation damage and its adaptive mechanism is becoming increasingly profound. It disrupts normal tissue structure and function. Understanding and addressing this issue is crucial for maintaining health. Research on extracellular matrix disorders of RPI is ongoing to find better treatments. Methods: A systemic search was conducted in major databases, including Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus on non-collegenous extracellular matrix in RPI. Results: The adverse effects of radiation exposure can potentially lead to severe and irreversible injuries. Radiation pulmonary injury, as a potential lethal factor for cell growth, influences the cell cycle, morphology, metabolism, signaling pathways, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. At present, there are only limited data available about the cellular and molecular mechanism of non-collegenous extracellular matrix in RPI. Herein, we summarize the current accomplishments and discuss the future outlooks regarding the cellular and molecular events in radiation pulmonary injuries. Conclusion: Elucidating the cellular injury and its adaptive mechanism resulting from radiation exposure holds great significance and can also offer novel concepts for the treatment of related diseases.
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