Background: Temperament is a core construct in personality neuroscience, reflecting biologically based differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation. Traditionally attributed to genetic and neurobiological factors of the central nervous system, recent advances suggest that the origins of temperament may be traced to early embryonic development, particularly during gastrulation. Aims: This narrative review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence on the ontogenesis of temperament, focusing on the roles of the Spemann organizer, notochord, neurobiological circuits, and epigenetic regulation. It examines how understanding these processes may improve the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies related to embryological development, morphogenetic signaling (e.g., BMP, Shh), the neurobiology of temperament, epigenetic modulation, and environmental influences. Key findings from classic and contemporary models were integrated to develop an updated conceptual framework. Results: Evidence indicates that the Spemann organizer and notochord establish morphogenetic gradients (BMP, Wnt, Shh) critical for neural induction and the formation of limbic and prefrontal circuits underlying emotional and behavioral regulation. Epigenetic modifications, influenced by prenatal stress, environmental exposures, and parenting, modulate the expression of genes such as SLC6A4 and BDNF, impacting serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. These processes interact dynamically, shaping individual differences in temperament and conferring vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: The ontogenesis of temperament is a dynamic, multilayered process involving embryological, neurobiological, and epigenetic mechanisms. Recognizing the early origins and plasticity of temperament may facilitate the identification of neurodevelopmental risk and inform targeted interventions for mental health. This integrative perspective highlights the value of bridging basic developmental science with clinical practice in personality neuroscience.
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