Microglia, the central nervous system’s resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in brain development and function, particularly in pediatric neurological disorders. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial dysfunction in conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and juvenile neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing their age-dependent roles. Therapeutic strategies targeting microglial activity are discussed, highlighting the need for precise, age-appropriate interventions to mitigate neurodevelopmental deficits and improve outcomes for affected children.
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