This paper presents the acute toxicity effects of Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate on adult Litopenaeusvannamei. The experimental treatments were 20 mg/L, 60 mg/L, and 80 mg/L CuSO4·5H2O, while mortalities after 96 hours were 20%, 100%, and 66.7%, respectively. Accordingly, the 96-h LC50 (Lethal Median Concentration) of copper to the adult L. vannamei was estimated to be 41.69 mg/L. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were monitored every 24 hours. A positive relationship was observed between copper concentration and mortality, indicating that increased copper sulfate concentrations led to higher mortality rates. These findings suggest that precise control of copper sulfate concentrations is crucial in aquaculture to prevent toxicity effects and ensure successful shrimp farming. These findings contribute to safer aquaculture by establishing the threshold levels of toxicity that minimize environmental contamination and ensure ecosystem health.
References
[1]
Ferraris, R.P., Parado-Estepa, F.D., Ladja, J.M. and de Jesus, E.G. (1986) Effect of Salinity on the Osmotic, Chloride, Total Protein and Calcium Concentrations in the Hemolymph of the Prawn Peneaus Monodon (Fabricius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 83, 701-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90713-9
[2]
Anantapantula, S., Wittenzeller, S., Gladfelter, M.F., Tenison, S.E., Zinnert, H., Belfiore, A.P., et al. (2025) Copper Sulfate Treatment Harms Zooplankton and Ultimately Promotes Algal Blooms: A Field Mesocosm Experiment. Harmful Algae, 142, Article ID: 102800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2025.102800
[3]
Chen, J. and Lin, C. (2001) Toxicity of Copper Sulfate for Survival, Growth, Molting and Feeding of Juveniles of the Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus Monodon. Aquaculture, 192, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00442-7
[4]
Boyd, C.E. and Tucker, C.S. (1998) Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5407-3
[5]
Sprague, J.B. (1969) Measurement of Pollutant Toxicity to Fish I. Bioassay Methods for Acute Toxicity. Water Research, 3, 793-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(69)90050-5
[6]
McKim, J.M., Christensen, G.M. and Hunt, E.P. (1970) Changes in the Blood of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) after Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure to Copper. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 1883-1889. https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-210
[7]
Singh, G. and Sharma, S. (2024) Heavy Metal Contamination in Fish: Sources, Mechanisms and Consequences. Aquatic Sciences, 86, Article No. 107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01121-7
[8]
Brix, K.V., De Boeck, G., Baken, S. and Fort, D.J. (2022) Adverse Outcome Pathways for Chronic Copper Toxicity to Fish and Amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 41, 2911-2927. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5483
[9]
Malhotra, N., Ger, T., Uapipatanakul, B., Huang, J., Chen, K.H. and Hsiao, C. (2020) Review of Copper and Copper Nanoparticle Toxicity in Fish. Nanomaterials, 10, Article 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061126
[10]
Nor, Y.M. (1987) Ecotoxicity of Copper to Aquatic Biota: A Review. Environmental Research, 43, 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80078-6
[11]
Cui, L., Cheng, C., Li, X., Gao, X., Lv, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2024) Comprehensive Assessment of Copper’s Effect on Marine Organisms under Ocean Acidification and Warming in the 21st Century. Science of the Total Environment, 927, Article ID: 172145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172145
[12]
Buikema, A.L., Niederlehner, B.R. and Cairns, J. (1982) Biological Monitoring Part Iv—Toxicity Testing. Water Research, 16, 239-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(82)90188-9
[13]
APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 2nd Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation.
[14]
Trevors, J.T. and Lusty, C.W. (1985) A Basic Microcomputer Program for Calculating LD50 Values. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 24, 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00282493
[15]
Bambang, Y., Thuet, P., Charmantier-Daures, M., Trilles, J. and Charmantier, G. (1995) Effect of Copper on Survival and Osmoregulation of Various Developmental Stages of the Shrimp Penaeus Japonicus Bate (Crustacea, Decapoda). Aquatic Toxicology, 33, 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445x(95)00011-r
[16]
Cheng, B., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Song, Y. and Li, X. (2014) Effect of Copper on the Growth of Shrimps Litopenaeusvannamei: Water Parameters and Copper Budget in a Recirculating System. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 32, 1092-1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-014-3277-1
[17]
Qian, D., Xu, C., Chen, C., Qin, J.G., Chen, L. and Li, E. (2020) Toxic Effect of Chronic Waterborne Copper Exposure on Growth, Immunity, Anti-Oxidative Capacity and Gut Microbiota of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeusvannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 100, 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.018
[18]
Yuan, Y., Jin, M., Luo, J., Xiong, J., Ward, T.L., Ji, F., et al. (2019) Effects of Different Dietary Copper Sources on the Growth and Intestinal Microbial Communities of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition, 25, 828-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12901
[19]
Kubitza, F. (2023) Global Seafood Alliance. Use of Copper Sulfate in Fish and Shrimp Ponds. https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/use-of-copper-sulfate-in-fish-and-shrimp-ponds/
[20]
Oyikeke, T.S., Advani, S. and Stoll, J.S. (2024) Seafood Independence Is within Reach: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Seafood Self-Reliance in the United States. NPJ Ocean Sustainability, 3, Article No. 31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-024-00069-3
