Stroke
is a physiological alteration associated with changes in blood flow that can
result in sudden-onset cognitive impairment. It has a heterogenous clinical
presentation with varying degrees of severity correlated with specific central
nervous system zones or areas, and its prognosis is uncertain. This case study
describes a 62-year-old male patient with acquired brain damage of the anterior
cingulate cortex as a result of an ischemic event in the territory of the left
anterior cerebral artery. Cognitive function was assessed using the
neuropsychological executive function and frontal lobe test battery (BANFE-2)
as well as other neuropsychological tests. The results show a profile of higher
mental functions characterized by the presence of dysexecutive syndrome with marked
behavioral alteration and diencephalic amnesia.
References
[1]
Choreño-Parra, J., Carnalla-Cortés, M. and Guadarrama-Ortíz, P. (2019) Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral Isquémica: Revisión Extensa de la Bibliografía para el Médico de Primer Contacto. Medicina Interna Mexicana, 35, 61-79
[2]
Srinivasan, A., Aggarwal, A., Gaudihalli, S., Mohanty, M., Dhandapani, M., Singh, H., et al. (2016) Impact of Early Leukocytosis And Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein on Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Neurologic Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurgery, 90, 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.049
[3]
Koh, S.H. and Park, H.H. (2017) Neurogenesis in Stroke Recovery. Translational Stroke Research, 8, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-016-0460-z
[4]
Arauz, A. and Ruíz-Franco, A. (2012) Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral. Clínica de la Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral, 55, 11-21.
[5]
Cipolla, M.J., Liebeskind, D.S. and Chan, S.L. (2018) The Importance of Comorbidities in Ischemic Stroke: Impact of Hypertension on the Cerebral Circulation. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 38, 2129-2149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X18800589
[6]
Alfonso, C.G., Reyes, A.M., García, V.H., Ricaurte-Fajardo, A., Torres, I.C.S. and Coral, J. (2019) Actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo. Universitas Medica, 60, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed60-3.actu
[7]
Radu, R.A., Terecoasă, E.O., Băjenaru, O.A. and Tiu, C. (2017) Etiologic Classification of Ischemic Stroke: Where Do We Stand? Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 159, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.05.019
[8]
Holroyd, C.B. and Verguts, T. (2021) The Best Laid Plans: Computational Principles of Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25, 316-329. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661321000103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.008
[9]
Stinear, C.M., Lang, C.E., Zeiler, S. and Byblow, W.D. (2020) Advances and Challenges in Stroke Rehabilitation. The Lancet Neurology, 19, 348-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30415-6
[10]
Achi, J., Burgos, M. and Quintana, L. (2015) Tratamiento Endovascular de Aneurismas Cerebrales Complejos. Revista Chilena de Neurocirugía, 41, 162-166.
[11]
Kolling, N., Behrens, T.E.J., Wittmann, M.K. and Rushworth, M.F.S. (2016) Multiple Signals in Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 37, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.12.007
[12]
Seamans, J.K. and Floresco, S.B. (2022) Event-Based Control of Autonomic and Emotional States by the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 133, Article ID: 104503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026
[13]
Brennan, B.P., Tkachenko, O., Schwab, Z.J., Juelich, R.J., Ryan, E.M., Athey, A.J., et al. (2015) An Examination of Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Function and Neurochemistry in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 1866-1876. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.36
[14]
Shenhav, A., Cohen, J.D. and Botvinick, M.M. (2016) Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex and the Value of Control. Nature Neuroscience, 19, 1286-1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4384
[15]
Hazzaoui, M.R., Montenegro, J.C., Gómez, E.A. and Vilamala, I.R. (2021) Enfermería en cardiología: Revista científica e informativa de la Asociación Española de Enfermería en Cardiología. https://enfermeriaencardiologia.com/publicaciones/revista/revistas
[16]
Roy, M., Shohamy, D. and Wager, T.D. (2012) Ventromedial Prefrontal-Subcortical Systems and the Generation of Affective Meaning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.005
[17]
Hu, X., De Silva, T.M., Chen, J. and Faraci, F.M. (2017) Cerebral Vascular Disease and Neurovascular Injury in Ischemic Stroke. Circulation Research, 120, 449-471. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308427
[18]
Hernández, S., Roberto Fernández, C. and Carlos Baptista, L. (2014) María del Pilar. Metodología de la investigación. McGraw Hill Interamericana Editores S.A. de C.V, México.
[19]
Rivera, D., Cadavid, N., Gutiérrez-Hernández, C., Calderón, J., De Los Reyes, J. and Arango-Lasprilla, J. (2019) Test de Aprendizaje Verbal de Hopkins—Revisado (HVLT-R). Datos Normativos Basados en Regresiones Múltiples Para Población Colombiana. Revista Latinoamericana de Neuropsicología, 2, 69-81.
[20]
Rojas-Gualdrón, D.F., Segura, C.A., Cardona, A.D., Segura, C.A. and Garzón, D.M.O. (2017) Análisis Rasch del Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) en adultos mayores de Antioquia, Colombia. Rev. CES Psico, 10, 17-27. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4235/423553242002.pdf
[21]
Tischler, L. and Petermann, P. (2004) ZeitschriftfürPsychiatrie. Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 58, 79-81. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747.a000009
[22]
Stuss, D.T. and Benson, D.F. (1984) Neuropsychological Studies of the Frontal Lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.3
[23]
Liebermann, D., Ploner, C.J., Kraft, A., Kopp, U.A. and Ostendorf, F. (2013) A Dysexecutive Syndrome of the Medial Thalamus. Cortex, 49, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.11.005
[24]
Nejati, V., Majdi, R., Salehinejad, M.A. and Nitsche, M.A. (2021) The Role of Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in the Processing of Emotional Dimensions. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 1971. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-81454-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81454-7
[25]
Ustárroz, J.T., Molina, A.G., Lario, P.L., García, A.V. and Lago, M.R. (2012) Corteza prefrontal, funciones ejecutivas y regulación de la conducta. https://autismodiario.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Neuropsicolog%C3%ADa-de-la-corteza-prefrontal-y-las-funciones-ejecutivas-y-Conducta.pdf
[26]
Echavarría, L.M. (2017) Modelos explicativos de las funciones ejecutivas. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 20, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.15381/rinvp.v20i1.13534
[27]
Krawczyk, D.C. (2002) Contributions of the Prefrontal Cortex to the Neural Basis of Human Decision Making. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 631-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00021-0
[28]
Kumral, E., Erdoğan, C.E., Bayam, F.E. and Arslan, H. (2019) Cingulate Infarction: A Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 402, 1-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X1930200X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.04.033
[29]
Mueller, E.M., Pechtel, P., Cohen, A.L., Douglas, S.R. and Pizzagalli, D.A. (2015) Potentiated Processing of Negative Feedback in Depression Is Attenuated by Anhedonia. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22338
[30]
Etkin, A., Egner, T. and Kalisch, R. (2011) Emotional Processing in Anterior Cingulate and Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004
[31]
Johnson, C.M., Loucks, F.A., Peckler, H., Thomas, A.W., Janak, P.H. and Wilbrecht, L. (2016) Long-Range Orbitofrontal and Amygdala Axons Show Divergent Patterns of Maturation in the Frontal Cortex across Adolescence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.01.005
[32]
Reber, J. and Tranel, D. (2019) Frontal Lobe Syndromes. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 163, 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00008-2
[33]
Radochonski, M., Perenc, A. and Radochonska, A. (2015) Orbitofrontal Cortex Dysfunction and Risk for Antisocial Behavior: An Analytical Review. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów.
[34]
Funayama, M., Kato, M. and Mimura, M. (2016) Disappearance of Treatment-Re-sistant Depression after Damage to the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Subgenual Cingulate Area: A Case Study. BMC Neurology, 16, Article No. 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0717-x
[35]
Rosch, K.S. and Mostofsky, S. (2019) Development of the Frontal Lobe. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 163, 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00019-7
