Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) plays an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role. Aim of the study was to investigate the alteration of paraoxonase-1 activity in celiac disease (CD), an intestinal disorder characterized by toxic injury exerted by gluten peptides. Activities of PON1, levels of biochemical markers of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated in serum obtained from 27 celiac patients (11 at diagnosis, 16 treated with gluten free diet) and 25 healthy subjects. Moreover, the serum susceptibility of Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation was investigated in controls and patients. The results showed a lower PON1 activity in serum of both groups of celiac patients with respect to control subjects. PON1 activity in CD was related with markers of disease severity and was negatively correlated with the levels of lipid hydroperoxide and with the susceptibility of serum to lipid peroxidation induced in vitro by metal ions. The alteration of PON1 activity and markers of lipid peroxidation realized at lower extent in patients who were on a gluten-free diet. 1. Introduction Environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD) [1], a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by flattened villi on the small bowel mucosa. CD is induced by the ingestion of cereals containing proline-rich and glutamine-rich proteins (such as wheat, rye, and barley) in genetically susceptible individuals [2, 3]. From a clinical point of view, CD is characterised by a clinical heterogeneity that ranges from asymptomatic to severely symptomatic and by increased morbidity and mortality [4]. At present, the only proven treatment for CD is strict and life-long adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) [1–4]. An increase of markers of oxidative damage of lipids (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) and proteins (carbonyl groups) and a decrease of antioxidant enzymes have been demonstrated in plasma, in circulating cells and in intestinal cells of patients with CD with respect to controls [5–8]. Higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) and biochemical markers of oxidative damage of DNA has been demonstrated in leukocytes and in urine samples of celiac children [9, 10], suggesting that oxidative stress could be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an enzyme associated with the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) that plays both an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory role [11–13]. A decrease in PON1 has been reported in several human diseases associated with inflammation and alteration of
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