比较政治学中的政治发展理论――后发展国家与中国经验视角的反思与重构
Political development theory in comparative politics: Reflection and reconstruction from perspective of experiences of post-developing countries and China

摘 要： 政治发展理论自产生至今一直是比较政治学中的显学，但近年来随着世界范围内政治发展的衰败，有必要重新检视西方政治发展理论。从知识论来看，西方政治发展理论缘起于现代化理论，深化于民主化范式，但忽视了后发展国家国家建构的复杂性；从方法论来说，西方政治发展理论源于行为主义革命，而结构功能主义方法进一步建立了普世解释与比较的模型，却缺乏比较历史的视野；从逻辑论来讲，西方政治发展理论朝向现代化与民主化的社会条件分析，显现了目的论式的线性发展观和社会中心主义的政治逻辑，从而陷入“西方中心主义”的误区。后发展国家与中国政治发展的经验为反思西方政治发展理论提供了视角，因而必须从知识论上重视制度与价值建构、国家治理能力的提升，从方法论上采取比较历史分析来重构政治发展理论，并进一步推动理论与实践的结合。
Abstract: Political development theory has been prominent in Comparative Politics since its birth, but the recent decline of political development in the world needs to reexamine the western political development theory. From the view of epistemology, the western political development theory originates from the theory of modernization, and and is deepened in the paradigm of democratization, but neglects the complexity of state building of the post-developing countries. In terms of methodology, the western political development theory originates from the behaviorism revolution, while the structural functionalism further establishes the universal model of interpretation and comparison, lacking a relatively historical view. From the perspective of logic theory, the analysis of the social conditions of the western political development theory towards modernization and democratization shows the teleological linear development view and the political logic of social centralism, thus falling into the misunderstanding of "western centralism". The experiences in political development of post-developing countries and China provide a perspective for the reflection of western political development theory. So, we must pay attention to system and value construction, enhance the ability of national governance from the view of epistemology, adopt comparative historical analysis to reconstruct the political development theory from the terms of methodology, and further promote the combination of theory and practice