For a design to survive unforeseen physical effects like aging, temperature variation, and/or emergence of new application standards, adaptability needs to be supported. Adaptability, in its complete strength, is present in reconfigurable processors, which makes it an important IP in modern System-on-Chips (SoCs). Reconfigurable processors have risen to prominence as a dominant computing platform across embedded, general-purpose, and high-performance application domains during the last decade. Significant advances have been made in many areas such as, identifying the advantages of reconfigurable platforms, their modeling, implementation flow and finally towards early commercial acceptance. This paper reviews these progresses from various perspectives with particular emphasis on fundamental challenges and their solutions. Empowered with the analysis of past, the future research roadmap is proposed. 1. Introduction The changing technology landscape and fast evolution of application standards make it imperative for a design to be adaptable. Adaptability is a mandatory part of some major research initiatives such as cognitive radio, where the radio transceiver implementation takes cognition of its surrounding environment. Adaptability can be present in the device, in the circuit, in the microarchitecture, or even in the runtime software layer or among all of these. In this paper, we survey reconfigurable processors, which provide a complete spectrum of adaptability in the processor microarchitecture. The survey is primarily intended for developers and users of adaptive digital systems. Since the introduction of programmable logic devices by Xilinx in 1984 [1], the domain of reconfigurable computing has steadily gained acceptance first as the prototyping platform and second as the computing platform of choice. The transition of reconfigurable computing devices from the role of prototyping to computing is what presented in 2001 by Hartenstein in his paper “A decade of reconfigurable computing: a visionary retrospective” [2]. In [2], it is mentioned that reconfigurable platforms are able to bridge the gap between processors and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) in terms of flexibility and performance. Since this work, notable research has been done in accelerator design (application-specific processors), multicore homogeneous and heterogeneous System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures, and smooth high-level synthesis of various kinds of computing devices. From the application domain, an ongoing blend between high-performance computing, general-purpose
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