Purpose. Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is an uncommon tumor that rarely occurs outside of renal and central nervous system (CNS) sites. Data from the literature were compiled to determine prognostic factors, including both demographic and treatment variables of malignant rhabdoid tumor, focusing on those tumors arising in extra-renal, extra-CNS (ER/EC MRT) sites. Patients and Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by extracting demographic, treatment, and survival follow up on 167 cases of primary ER/EC MRT identified in the literature. Results. No survival differences were observed between those treated with or without radiation, or with or without chemotherapy. A Cox regression of overall survival revealed several independent prognostic factors. Surgical excision had a 74% (P = 0.0003) improvement in survival. Actinomycin had a 73% (P = 0.093) improvement in survival. Older age was associated with improved survival. The four-year survival, by Kaplan-Meier estimates, comparing patients less than two years old versus older than two at diagnosis was 11% versus 35%, respectively (P = 0.0001, Log-Rank). Conclusion. ER/EC MRT is a rare, soft-tissue tumor with a poor prognosis most commonly occurring in children. Surgical resection, treatment with actinomycin, and older age at diagnosis are all associated with improved survival. 1. Introduction Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) was first described as a rhabdomyosarcomatous subtype of Wilms Tumor in 1978 [1] and recognized as a distinct entity in 1981 [2]. Malignant rhabdoid tumors most commonly occur in children with extrarenal variants seen in the CNS, liver, female genital tract, and soft tissues. Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. The medical literature is replete with papers describing the highly lethal nature of MRT. We report on demographics and treatment variables as prognostic after compiling data from the literature on extrarenal extra-CNS MRT. 2. Methods 2.1. Eligibility and Search Strategy A search was conducted for pure primary extrarenal extracentral nervous system malignant rhabdoid tumors. Ovid Medline was searched for articles containing “rhabdoid tumor” or listed under the MeSH “rhabdoid tumor” in English. This search was conducted between the years of 1981 and April 2006 as MRT was not recognized as a distinct entity until 1981. As this is a study of extrarenal extracentral nervous system MRT cases of paraspinal tumors were excluded. Cases described as carcinomas or other primary tumor types with “rhabdoid features” or a “rhabdoid
References
[1]
J. B. Beckwith and N. F. Palmer, “Histopathology and prognosis of Wilms tumor. Results from the first national Wilms' tumor study,” Cancer, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1937–1948, 1978.
[2]
J. E. Haas, N. F. Palmer, A. G. Weinberg, and J. B. Beckwith, “Ultrastructure of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. A distinctive renal tumor of children,” Human Pathology, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 646–657, 1981.
[3]
E. L. Kaplan and P. Meier, “Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 53, no. 282, pp. 456–481, 1958.
[4]
D. R. Cox, “Regression models and life-tables,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 187–220, 1972.
[5]
S. Hsueh and T. C. Chang, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the uterine corpus,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 142–146, 1996.
[6]
T. Igarashi, H. Sasano, R. Konno et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva: case report with cytological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and DNA ploidy studies and a review of the literature,” Pathology International, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 887–891, 1998.
[7]
M. Muramatsu, S. Kotake, K. Yoshikawa, Y. Sasamoto, H. Matsuda, and S. Yamawaki, “The development of malignant rhabdoid tumor in a patient with Behcet's disease treated with ciclosporin,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 236, no. 10, pp. 798–799, 1998.
[8]
L. R. Donner, A. Rao, L. M. Truss, and S. M. Dobin, “Translocation (8;13)(q24.2;q33) in a malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver,” Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 153–157, 2000.
[9]
I. Alfonso, O. Papazian, G. Prieto, D. T. Alfonso, and S. J. Melnick, “Neoplasm as a cause of brachial plexus palsy in neonates,” Pediatric Neurology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 309–311, 2000.
[10]
K. V. Ravindra, C. Cullinane, I. J. Lewis, B. R. Squire, and M. D. Stringer, “Long-term survival after spontaneous rupture of a malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1488–1490, 2002.
[11]
N. Yaris, U. Cobanoglu, E. Dilber, A. Ahmetolu, H. Saruhan, and A. ？kten, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of adrenal gland,” Medical and Pediatric Oncology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 128–131, 2002.
[12]
J. Salamanca, J. L. Rodríguez-Peralto, D. Azorín, C. Ballestín, and P. de Agustín, “Paratesticular congenital malignant rhabdoid tumor diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. A case report,” Diagnostic Cytopathology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 46–50, 2004.
[13]
Y. Chen, S. M. Jung, and T. C. Chao, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the small intestine in an adult: a case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 975–979, 1998.
[14]
J. R. Lee, C. R. Chamberlain, R. G. Gerrity, E. M. McKee, T. R. Gadacz, and R. N. Rao, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the duodenum,” Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25–30, 1998.
[15]
M. García-Bustínduy, H. ávarez-Arguelles, F. Guimeriá et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor beside benign skin mesenchymal neoplasm with myofibromatous features,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 509–515, 1999.
[16]
A. Brand and A. Covert, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva: case report and review of the literature with emphasis on clinical management and outcome,” Gynecologic Oncology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 99–103, 2001.
[17]
F. Staehelin, H. Bissig, I. H？sli et al., “Inv(11)(p13p15) and Myf-3(MyoD1) in a malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of a premature newborn,” Pediatric Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 463–467, 2000.
[18]
M. Sajedi, J. E. A. Wolff, R. M. Egeler et al., “Congenital extrarenal non-central nervous system malignant rhabdoid tumor,” Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 316–320, 2002.
[19]
H. M. Katzenstein, M. Kletzel, M. Reynolds, R. Superina, and F. Gonzales-Crussi, “Metastatic malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver treated with tandem high-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell rescue,” Medical and Pediatric Oncology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 199–201, 2003.
[20]
T. Yuri, N. Danbara, N. Shikata et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver: case report and literature review,” Pathology International, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 623–629, 2004.
[21]
M. B. Morgan, L. Stevens, J. Patterson, and M. Tannenbaum, “Cutaneous epithelioid malignant nerve sheath tumor with rhabdoid features: a histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of three cases,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 529–534, 2000.
[22]
R. Drut and R. M. Drut, “Renal and extrarenal congenital rhabdoid tumor:diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and FISH,” Diagnostic Cytopathology, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 32–34, 2002.
[23]
C. Gottlieb, N. Nijhawan, K. Chorneyko, K. F. O'Grady, and J. T. Harvey, “Congenital orbital and disseminated extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor,” Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 76–79, 2005.
[24]
J. Simons, I. Teshima, M. Zielenska et al., “Analysis of chromosome 22q as an aid to the diagnosis of rhabdoid tumor: a case report,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 982–988, 1999.
[25]
F. V. White, L. P. Dehner, D. A. Belchis et al., “Congenital disseminated malignant rhabdoid tumor: a distinct clinicopathologic entity demonstrating abnormalities of chromosome 22q11,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 249–256, 1999.
[26]
K. Gfinduz, J. A. Shields, R. C. Eagle Jr., C. L. Shields, P. de Potter, and L. Klombers, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the orbit,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 243–246, 1998.
[27]
L. N. Johnson, F. M. Sexton, and S. H. Goldberg, “Poorly differentiated primary orbital sarcoma (presumed malignant rhabdoid tumor): radiologic and histopathologic correlation,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 1275–1278, 1991.
[28]
H. F. Frierson Jr., S. E. Mills, and D. J. Innes Jr., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the pelvis,” Cancer, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 1963–1967, 1985.
[29]
H. Uchida, S. Yokoyama, I. Nakayama, and K. Zeze, “An autopsy case of malignant rhabdoid tumor arising from soft parts in the left inguinal region,” Acta Pathologica Japonica, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1087–1096, 1988.
[30]
A. L. Kent, D. H. Mahoney Jr., M. V. Gresik, C. P. Steuber, and D. J. Fernbach, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the extremity,” Cancer, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1056–1059, 1987.
[31]
E. J. Small, G. J. Gordon, and B. B. Dahms, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the heart in an infant,” Cancer, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 2850–2853, 1985.
[32]
M. Tsokos, G. Kouraklis, R. S. Chandra, B. S. Bhagavan, and T. J. Triche, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney and soft tissues. Evidence for a diverse morphological and immunocytochemical phenotype,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 115–120, 1989.
[33]
T. Tsujimura, A. Wada, K. Kawano, A. Iwasa, and S. Mizutani, “A case of malignant rhabdoid tumor arising from soft parts in the prepubic region,” Acta Pathologica Japonica, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 677–682, 1989.
[34]
A. R. Perez-Atayde, R. Newbury, J. A. Fletcher, R. Barnhill, and S. Gellis, “Congenital “neurovascular hamartoma” of the skin: a possible marker of malignant rhabdoid tumor,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1030–1038, 1994.
[35]
T. Perrone, P. E. Swanson, L. Twiggs, T. M. Ulbright, and L. P. Dehner, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva: is distinction from epithelioid sarcoma possible? A pathologic and immunohistochemical study,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 848–858, 1989.
[36]
Y. Koibuchi, Y. Lino, T. Joshita et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the breast: a case report,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 273–277, 1995.
[37]
D. J. Dabbs and H. K. Park, “Malignant rhabdoid skin tumor: an uncommon primary skin neoplasm. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 109–115, 1988.
[38]
C. Weyman, L. Dolson, and A. Kedar, “Secretion of vasointestinal peptide by a primary liver tumor with rhabdoid features,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 267–270, 1993.
[39]
T. L. Lee, S. H. Lee, R. Y. Lin, S. M. Chuang, and S. H. Leu, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor arising from soft parts of the right thigh with unusual neurologic manifestation: report of a case,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 907–911, 1992.
[40]
K. R. Cho, N. B. Rosenshein, and J. I. Epstein, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the uterus,” International Journal of Gynecological Pathology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 381–387, 1989.
[41]
T. O. Ekfors, H. J. Ahon, and M. Kekomaki, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the prostatic region. Immunohistological and ultrastructural evidence for epithelial origin,” Virchows Archiv—A Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, vol. 406, no. 3, pp. 381–388, 1985.
[42]
A. Okada, H. Takehara, K. Masamune et al., “A newborn case of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor,” Tokushima Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 40, no. 1-2, pp. 109–112, 1993.
[43]
G. Lupi, R. Jin, and C. Clemente, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature,” Tumori, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 93–95, 1996.
[44]
E. Kaiserling, P. Ruck, R. Handgretinger, M. Leipoldt, and R. Hipfel, “Immunohistochemical and cytogenetic findings in malignant rhabdoid tumor,” General and Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 141, no. 5-6, pp. 327–337, 1995.
[45]
M. B. Sert, M. Onsrud, T. Perrone, F. Abbas, and J. L. Currie, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva. Case report,” European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 258–261, 1999.
[46]
D. Haidopoulos, A. Elsheikh, G. Vlahos et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the clitoris in an elderly patient: report of a case,” European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 447–449, 2002.
[47]
V. A. Marcus, J. Viloria, D. Owen, and M. S. Tsao, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the colon: report of a case with molecular analysis,” Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1322–1326, 1996.
[48]
G. Pettinato, J. C. Manivel, E. S. d'Amore, and G. Petrella, “Extrarenal primitive malignant tumor with rhabdoid features: fine-needle aspiration cytology, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy of a case,” Diagnostic Cytopathology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 178–183, 1991.
[49]
M. Akhtar, H. Kfoury, A. Haider, K. Sackey, and M. A. Ali, “Fine-needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor,” Diagnostic Cytopathology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 271–276, 1994.
[50]
D. M. Parham, S. C. Peiper, G. Robicheaux, R. C. Ribeiro, and E. C. Douglass, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver. Evidence for epithelial differentiation,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 61–64, 1988.
[51]
C. Hsueh and T. T. Kuo, “Congenital malignant rhabdoid tumor presenting as a cutaneous nodule: report of 2 cases with review of the literature,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 1099–1102, 1998.
[52]
A. Poga？nik and N. Zidar, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology: a case report,” Acta Cytologica, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 539–543, 1997.
[53]
M. Tsuneyoshi, Y. Daimaru, H. Hashimoto, and M. Enjoji, “Malignant soft tissue neoplasms with the histologic features of renal rhabdoid tumors: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study,” Human Pathology, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1235–1242, 1985.
[54]
J. H. Niffenegger, F. A. Jakobiec, J. W. Shore, and D. M. Albert, “Adult extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of the lacrimal gland,” Ophthalmology, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 567–574, 1992.
[55]
A. E. Albregts, A. A. Hebert, R. A. Aboul-Nasr, and R. B. Raney, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor presenting as a hemangioma,” Pediatric Dermatology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 468–471, 1996.
[56]
D. Schmidt, I. Leuschner, D. Harms, E. Sprenger, and H. J. Schafer, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor. A morphological and flow cytometric study,” Pathology Research and Practice, vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 202–210, 1989.
[57]
J. Rootman, K. F. Damji, and J. E. Dimmick, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the orbit,” Ophthalmology, vol. 96, no. 11, pp. 1650–1654, 1989.
[58]
M. Ohgaki, A. Higuchi, H. Chou et al., “An extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor suspected to originate from the mesentery in an adult: report of a case,” Surgery Today, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 556–559, 2003.
[59]
I. Nakamura, K. Nakano, K. Nakayama et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the colon: report of a case,” Surgery Today, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1083–1087, 1999.
[60]
A. Fabre, B. Eyden, and H. H. Ali, “Soft-tissue extrarenal rhabdoid tumor with a unique long-term survival,” Ultrastructural Pathology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 49–52, 2004.
[61]
D. M. Parham, D. A. Weeks, and J. B. Beckwith, “The clinicopathologic spectrum of putative extrarenal rhabdoid tumors. An analysis of 42 cases studied with immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1010–1029.
[62]
S. Gururangan, L. C. Bowman, D. M. Parham et al., “Primary extracranial rhabdoid tumors: clinicopathologic features and response to ifosfamide,” Cancer, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 2653–2659, 1993.
[63]
R. Kodet, W. A. Newton Jr., N. Sachs et al., “Rhabdoid tumors of soft tissues: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases enrolled on the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study,” Human Pathology, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 674–684, 1991.
[64]
C. Sotelo-Avila, F. Gonzalez-Crussi, D. deMello et al., “Renal and extrarenal rhabdoid tumors in children: a clinicopathologic study of 14 patients,” Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 151–163, 1986.
[65]
J. C. Fanburg-Smith, M. Hengge, U. R. Hengge, J. S. C. Smith Jr., and M. Miettinen, “Extrarenal rhabdoid tumors of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 18 cases,” Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 351–362, 1998.
[66]
S. J. Hunt and W. D. Anderson, “Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver. A distinct clinicopathologic entity,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 645–648, 1990.
[67]
D. M. Kelly, M. Jones, S. Humphreys, and E. R. Howard, “Spontaneous rupture of a malignant rhabdoid tumour of the liver,” Pediatric Surgery International, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 111–112, 1998.
[68]
C. Rosty, M. Peter, J. Zucman, P. Validire, O. Delattre, and A. Aurias, “Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of a t(1,22)(p36,q11. 2) in a rhabdoid tumor with a putative homozygous deletion of chromosome 22,” Genes Chromosomes Cancer, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 82–89, 1998.
[69]
P. P. F. G. P. Comtesse, A. Simons, A. Siepman et al., “Isochromosome (12p) and peritriploidy in a highly malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor,” Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 175–177, 1999.
[70]
M. Duvdevani, D. Nass, Y. Neumann, I. Leibovitch, J. Ramon, and Y. Mor, “Pure rhabdoid tumor of the bladder,” Journal of Urology, vol. 166, no. 6, article 2337, 2001.
[71]
J. Knapik, A. T. Yachnis, D. Ripley et al., “Aggressive uterine sarcoma with rhabdoid features: diagnosis by peritoneal fluid cytology and absence of INI1 gene mutation,” Human Pathology, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 884–886, 2001.
[72]
J. C. Fowler, P. Ehrlich, S. Wenger, and B. S. Ducatman, “Pathologic quiz case: a 10-year-old girl with a pelvic mass,” Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 127, no. 5, pp. 633–635, 2003.
[73]
J. H. Chang, A. H. Dikranian, W. H. Johnston, S. K. Storch, and R. S. Hurwitz, “Malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of the bladder: 9-year survival after chemotherapy and partial cystectomy,” Journal of Urology, vol. 171, no. 2 I, pp. 820–821, 2004.
[74]
E. J. Perlman, S. Z. Ali, R. Robinson, R. Lindato, and C. A. Griffin, “Infantile extrarenal rhabdoid tumor,” Pediatric and Developmental Pathology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 149–152, 1998.
[75]
M. S. Figarola and S. M. Khader, “Pediatric case of the day,” Radiographics, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1693–1695, 1999.
[76]
S. M. Castellino, R. Powers, D. Kalwinsky, and M. DeVoe, “Abdominal rhabdoid tumor presenting as fetal hydrops: a case report,” Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 258–259, 2001.
[77]
L. Helmke, S. Engler, A. Mattke, and D. Henne-Bruns, “Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors in childhood,” Medical and Pediatric Oncology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 317–319, 2001.
[78]
H. Tsuda, K. Maed, Y. Hashiguchi et al., “Malignant rhabdoid tumour of the uterine cervix,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 120–123, 2001.
[79]
O. P. Sangueza, C. K. Meshul, P. Sangueza, and R. Mendoza, “Rhabdoid tumor of the skin,” International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 484–487, 1992.
[80]
C. A. Leath III, W. K. Huh, M. Conner, and M. N. Barnes III, “Primary extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of the ovary: a case report,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 283–286, 2003.
[81]
S. Sinha Roy, S. K. Mukherji, M. Castillo, and T. O'Connell, “MRI of congenital rhabdoid tumor of the neck: case report,” Neuroradiology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 373–374, 1996.
[82]
I. Rubenchik, I. Dardick, and M. Auger, “Cytopathology and ultrastructure of primary rhabdoid tumor of lung,” Ultrastructural Pathology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 355–360, 1996.
[83]
M. Mazzocchi, S. Chiummariello, G. Bistoni, F. Marchetti, and C. Alfano, “Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumour of the heel—a case report,” Anticancer Research, vol. 25, no. 6 C, pp. 4573–4576, 2005.
[84]
A. Boscaino, V. Donofrio, L. Tornillo, S. Staibano, and G. de Rosa, “Primary rhabdoid tumour of the skin in a 14-month-old child,” Dermatology, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 322–325, 1994.
[85]
H. S. Read, J. N. Webb, and I. M. C. Macintyre, “Malignant rhabdoid tumour of stomach,” Histopathology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 474–477, 1996.
[86]
G. E. Tomlinson, N. E. Breslow, J. Dome et al., “Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in the national Wilms' tumor study: age at diagnosis as a prognostic factor,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 30, pp. 7641–7645, 2005.
[87]
H. Isaacs Jr., “Fetal and neonatal rhabdoid tumor,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 619–626, 2010.
[88]
H. Reinhard, J. Reinert, R. Beier et al., “Rhabdoid tumors in children: prognostic factors in 70 patients diagnosed in Germany,” Oncology Reports, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 819–823, 2008.
[89]
A. C. Hoot, P. Russo, A. R. Judkins, E. J. Perlman, and J. A. Biegel, “Immunohistochemical analysis of hSNF5/INI1 distinguishes renal and extra-renal malignant rhabdoid tumors from other pediatric soft tissue tumors,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1485–1491, 2004.
[90]
J. A. Biegel, L. Tan, F. Zhang, L. Wainwright, P. Russo, and L. B. Rorke, “Alterations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene in central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and renal and extrarenal rhabdoid tumors,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 3461–3467, 2002.
[91]
C. W. M. Roberts and S. H. Orkin, “The SWI/SNF complex—chromatin and cancer,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 133–142, 2004.
[92]
M. F. Rousseau-Merck, I. Versteege, I. Legrand et al., “hSNF5/INI1 inactivation is mainly associated with homozygous deletions and mitotic recombinations in rhabdoid tumors,” Cancer Research, vol. 59, no. 13, pp. 3152–3156, 1999.
[93]
B. L. Betz, M. W. Strobeck, D. N. Reisman, E. S. Knudsen, and B. E. Weissman, “Re-expression of hSNF5/INI1/BAF47 in pediatric tumor cells leads to G1 arrest associated with induction of p16ink4a and activation of RB,” Oncogene, vol. 21, no. 34, pp. 5193–5203, 2002.
[94]
B. S. Reincke, G. B. Rosson, B. W. Oswald, and C. F. Wright, “INI1 expression induces cell cycle arrest and markers of senescence in malignant rhabdoid tumor cells,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 303–313, 2003.
[95]
I. Versteege, S. Medjkane, D. Rouillard, and O. Delattre, “A key role of the hSNF5/INI1 tumour suppressor in the control of the G1-S transition of the cell cycle,” Oncogene, vol. 21, no. 42, pp. 6403–6412, 2002.
[96]
R. G. J. Vries, V. Bezrookove, L. M. P. Zuijderduijn et al., “Cancer-associated mutations in chromatin remodeler hSNF5 promote chromosomal instability by compromising the mitotic checkpoint,” Genes and Development, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 665–670, 2005.
[97]
H. Shiratsuchi, T. Saito, A. Sakamoto et al., “Mutation analysis of human cytokeratin 8 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumor: a possible association with intracytoplasmic inclusion body formation,” Modern Pathology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 146–153, 2002.
[98]
B. Behring, W. Brück, H. H. Goebel et al., “Immunohistochemistry of primary central nervous system malignant rhabdoid tumors: report of five cases and review of the literature,” Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 578–586, 1996.
