Macropathogens, such as multicellular helminths, are considered masters of immunoregulation due to their ability to escape host defense and establish chronic infections. Molecular crosstalk between the host and the parasite starts immediately after their encounter, which influences the course and development of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Helminths can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function and induce immunosuppression which is mediated by a regulatory network that includes regulatory T (Treg) cells, regulatory B (Breg) cells, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In this way, helminths suppress and control both parasite-specific and unrelated immunopathology in the host such as Th1-mediated autoimmune and Th2-mediated allergic diseases. However, certain helminths favour the development or exacerbation of allergic responses. In this paper, the cell types that play an essential role in helminth-induced immunoregulation, the consequences for inflammatory diseases, and the contrasting effects of Toxocara and Trichinella infection on allergic manifestations are discussed. 1. Introduction Immune responses induced by helminths are predominantly of the Th2 type involving cytokines such as interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13. These cytokines mediate immune responses typically characterized by increased levels of circulating IgE antibodies, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells [1]. During infection, the immune system is exposed to different helminth-derived molecules, including proteins, lipids, and glycoconjugates present either at the surface of the worms or in the excretory-secretory (ES) products [2]. Interaction of helminth-derived molecules with host cells can result in a shift of the immune response, from an inflammatory towards an anti-inflammatory type of response. Helminth-derived molecules can modify dendritic cells (DCs) function and downregulate adaptive immune responses, through the induction of a regulatory network that include regulatory T (Treg) cells, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs), and regulatory B (Breg) cells. The induced immunosuppresive network, together with cytokines produced by diverse hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells as integral part of immunoregulatory pathways, appears to be essential for parasite survival and its effect can be extended to other inflammatory disorders such as allergies and autoimmune diseases [3, 4]. However, the association between helminth infections and allergy does not always have an unequivocal outcome. While certain helminth
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