Does Cattle Milieu Provide a Potential Point to Target Wild Exophilic Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) with Entomopathogenic Fungus? A Bioinsecticide Zooprophylaxis Strategy for Vector Control
Background. Anopheles arabiensis is increasingly dominating malaria transmission in Africa. The exophagy in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of indoor vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungus against An. arabiensis when applied on cattle and their environments. Methods. Experiments were conducted under semi-field and small-scale field conditions within Kilombero valley. The semi-field reared females of 5–7 days old An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated and untreated calf. Further, wild An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated calves, mud-huts, and their controls. Mosquitoes were recaptured the next morning and proportion fed, infected, and survived were evaluated. Experiments were replicated three times using different individuals of calves. Results. A high proportion of An. arabiensis was fed on calves (>0.90) and become infected (0.94) while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. However, fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of cattle and their milieu for controlling An. arabiensis. Most of An. arabiensis were fed and infected while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. Fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. These results suggest deployment of bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis against exophilic An. arabiensis. 1. Background The feeding and resting behaviours of African malaria vectors are the key determinants of a high malaria transmission intensity [1]. Among African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.s and An. funestus are well adapted over many generations feeding and resting inside human houses (i.e. endophagy and endophily, resp. [1, 2]). In contrast, Anopheles arabiensis is opportunistically feeding on humans [3, 4] or cattle [1, 2, 5–7] and resting outside (exophily) [8] or inside (endophily) houses [3, 4], based on availability of their preferred host species. The endophilic vector species have been well controlled by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) [9, 10], long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) [11], and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [12, 13] than exophilic population of An. arabiensis in most parts of Africa. These suggest that behaviours of malaria vectors are crucially important on designing effective control strategies. Outdoor feeding behaviour of exophilic An. arabiensis minimizes the risk of being killed by ITN/LLIN and/or IRS since these measures are exclusively applied indoors. A recent study predicted
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