Del sujeto abstracto al ciudadano: apertura y clausura de la ciudadanía en la modernidad

construction of a full citizenship has been a centermost problem for political philosophy, political theory and the political science in the last forty years. however, a review of philosophic and political thought of modernity shows that thinkers as hobbes, rousseau, kant, nietzsche, tocqueville, ortega y gasset, mosca and schumpeter have contributed in different ways to the foreclosure of the citizen category. this tension makes it relevant to track the argumentative modes acquired by that foreclosure and at the same time, to specify the condition in which citizenship has been rejected and distrusted. a suitable exposition of these displacements would allow understanding of the problems of disenchantment, apathy, incompetence and immaturity attributed to citizenship. at the end the essay presents three difficulties which citizenship faces in the twenty-first century.