全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Selective Attention to Task-Irrelevant Emotional Distractors Is Unaffected by the Perceptual Load Associated with a Foreground Task

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037186

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

A number of studies have shown that emotionally arousing stimuli are preferentially processed in the human brain. Whether or not this preference persists under increased perceptual load associated with a task at hand remains an open question. Here we manipulated two possible determinants of the attentional selection process, perceptual load associated with a foreground task and the emotional valence of concurrently presented task-irrelevant distractors. As a direct measure of sustained attentional resource allocation in early visual cortex we used steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited by distinct flicker frequencies of task and distractor stimuli. Subjects either performed a detection (low load) or discrimination (high load) task at a centrally presented symbol stream that flickered at 8.6 Hz while task-irrelevant neutral or unpleasant pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) flickered at a frequency of 12 Hz in the background of the stream. As reflected in target detection rates and SSVEP amplitudes to both task and distractor stimuli, unpleasant relative to neutral background pictures more strongly withdrew processing resources from the foreground task. Importantly, this finding was unaffected by the factor ‘load’ which turned out to be a weak modulator of attentional processing in human visual cortex.

References

[1]  Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (1997) Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In: P. J Lang, R. F Simons, Balaban MT, editors. Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes. Hillsdale: NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 97–135.
[2]  ?hman A (2002) Automaticity and the amygdala: Nonconscious responses to emotional faces. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 11: 62–66.
[3]  ?hman A, Flykt A, Esteves F (2001) Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. J Exp Psychol Gen 130: 466–478.
[4]  Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ (2001) Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30: 829–841.
[5]  Bradley MM, Sabatinelli D, Lang PJ, Fitzsimmons JR, King W, et al. (2003) Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention. Behavioral Neuroscience 117: 369–380.
[6]  Keil A, Moratti S, Sabatinelli D, Bradley MM, Lang PJ (2005) Additive effects of emotional content and spatial selective attention on electrocortical facilitation. Cereb Cortex 15: 1187–1197.
[7]  ?hman A, Mineka S (2001) Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol Rev 108: 483–522.
[8]  Desimone R, Duncan J (1995) Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 18: 193–222.
[9]  Lipp OV, Derakshan N (2005) Attentional bias to pictures of fear-relevant animals in a dot probe task. Emotion 5: 365–369.
[10]  Eimer M, Forster B, Van Velzen J (2003) Anterior and posterior attentional control systems use different spatial reference frames: ERP evidence from covert tactile-spatial orienting. Psychophysiology 40: 924–933.
[11]  Holmes A, Kiss M, Eimer M (2006) Attention modulates the processing of emotional expression triggered by foveal faces. Neurosci Lett 394: 48–52.
[12]  Holmes A, Nielsen MK, Tipper S, Green S (2009) An electrophysiological investigation into the automaticity of emotional face processing in high versus low trait anxious individuals. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 9: 323–334.
[13]  Lavie N (1995) Perceptual Load as a Necessary Condition for Selective Attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 21: 451–468.
[14]  Lavie N (2005) Distracted and confused?: selective attention under load. Trends Cogn Sci 9: 75–82.
[15]  Erthal FS, de Oliveira L, Mocaiber I, Pereira MG, Machado-Pinheiro W, et al. (2005) Load-dependent modulation of affective picture processing. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 5: 388–395.
[16]  ?kon-Singer H, Tzelgov J, Henik A (2007) Distinguishing between automaticity and attention in the processing of emotionally significant stimuli. Emotion 7: 147–157.
[17]  Pessoa L (2005) To what extent are emotional visual stimuli processed without attention and awareness? Curr Opin Neurobiol 15: 188–196.
[18]  Gl?scher J, Rose M, Buchel C (2007) Independent effects of emotion and working memory load on visual activation in the lateral occipital complex. J Neurosci 27: 4366–4373.
[19]  Hindi Attar C, Müller MM, Andersen SK, Büchel C, Rose M (2010) Emotional processing in a salient motion context: integration of motion and emotion in both V5/hMT+ and the amygdala. J Neurosci 30: 5204–5210.
[20]  Vuilleumier P, Driver J (2007) Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: windows on causal interactions between human brain regions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362: 837–855.
[21]  Doallo S, Holguin SR, Cadaveira F (2006) Attentional load affects automatic emotional processing: evidence from event-related potentials. Neuroreport 17: 1797–1801.
[22]  Schupp HT, Stockburger J, Bublatzky F, Junghofer M, Weike AI, et al. (2007) Explicit attention interferes with selective emotion processing in human extrastriate cortex. BMC Neurosci 8: 16.
[23]  Hajcak G, Dunning JP, Foti D (2007) Neural response to emotional pictures is unaffected by concurrent task difficulty: an event-related potential study. Behav Neurosci 121: 1156–1162.
[24]  Luo Q, Holroyd T, Majestic C, Cheng X, Schechter J, et al. (2010) Emotional automaticity is a matter of timing. J Neurosci 30: 5825–5829.
[25]  Hindi Attar C, Andersen SK, Müller MM (2010) Time course of affective bias in visual attention: convergent evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials and behavioral data. Neuroimage 53: 1326–1333.
[26]  Müller MM, Andersen SK, Keil A (2008) Time course of competition for visual processing resources between emotional pictures and foreground task. Cereb Cortex 18: 1892–1899.
[27]  Morgan ST, Hansen JC, Hillyard SA (1996) Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 4770–4774.
[28]  Müller MM, Malinowski P, Gruber T, Hillyard SA (2003) Sustained division of the attentional spotlight. Nature 424: 309–312.
[29]  Müller MM, Picton TW, Valdes-Sosa P, Riera J, Teder-Salejarvi WA, et al. (1998) Effects of spatial selective attention on the steady-state visual evoked potential in the 20–28 Hz range. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 6: 249–261.
[30]  Andersen SK, Müller MM (2010) Behavioral performance follows the time course of neural facilitation and suppression during cued shifts of feature-selective attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 13878–13882.
[31]  Müller MM, Teder-Salejarvi W, Hillyard SA (1998) The time course of cortical facilitation during cued shifts of spatial attention. Nat Neurosci 1: 631–634.
[32]  Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (1999) International affective picture system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings. National Institue of Mental Health Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
[33]  Jungh?fer M, Bradley MM, Elbert TR, Lang PJ (2001) Fleeting images: a new look at early emotion discrimination. Psychophysiology 38: 175–178.
[34]  Larson CL, Ruffalo D, Nietert JY, Davidson RJ (2005) Stability of emotion-modulated startle during short and long picture presentation. Psychophysiology 42: 604–610.
[35]  Peyk P, Schupp HT, Keil A, Elbert T, Junghofer M (2009) Parallel processing of affective visual stimuli. Psychophysiology 46: 200–208.
[36]  Schupp HT, Jungh?fer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO (2004) The selective processing of briefly presented affective pictures: an ERP analysis. Psychophysiology 41: 441–449.
[37]  Ferrari V, Bradley MM, Codispoti M, Lang PJ (2011) Repetitive exposure: brain and reflex measures of emotion and attention. Psychophysiology 48: 515–522.
[38]  Donderi DC (2006) Visual complexity: a review. Psychol Bull 132: 73–97.
[39]  Schwartz S, Vuilleumier P, Hutton C, Maravita A, Dolan RJ, et al. (2005) Attentional load and sensory competition in human vision: modulation of fMRI responses by load at fixation during task-irrelevant stimulation in the peripheral visual field. Cereb Cortex 15: 770–786.
[40]  Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1994) Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 25: 49–59.
[41]  Jungh?fer M, Elbert T, Tucker DM, Rockstroh B (2000) Statistical control of artifacts in dense array EEG/MEG studies. Psychophysiology 37: 523–532.
[42]  Rauss KS, Pourtois G, Vuilleumier P, Schwartz S (2009) Attentional load modifies early activity in human primary visual cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 30: 1723–1733.
[43]  Foxe JJ, Simpson GV (2002) Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans. A framework for defining “early” visual processing. Exp Brain Res 142: 139–150.
[44]  Halgren E, Raij T, Marinkovic K, Jousmaki V, Hari R (2000) Cognitive response profile of the human fusiform face area as determined by MEG. Cereb Cortex 10: 69–81.
[45]  Pourtois G, Grandjean D, Sander D, Vuilleumier P (2004) Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cereb Cortex 14: 619–633.
[46]  Bargh JA (1989) Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. In: Uleman JS, Bargh JA, editors. Unintended thought. London: Guilford. pp. 3–51.
[47]  Andersen SK, Hillyard SA, Müller MM (2008) Attention facilitates multiple stimulus features in parallel in human visual cortex. Curr Biol 18: 1006–1009.
[48]  Müller MM, Andersen S, Trujillo NJ, Valdes-Sosa P, Malinowski P, et al. (2006) Feature-selective attention enhances color signals in early visual areas of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 14250–14254.
[49]  Kastner S, De Weerd P, Desimone R, Ungerleider LC (1998) Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. Science 282: 108–111.
[50]  Duncan J (1996) Cooperating brain systems in selective perception and action. In: Inui T, McClelland JL, editors. Attention and performance XVI. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 549–578.
[51]  Wieser MJ, McTeague LM, Keil A (2011) Sustained preferential processing of social threat cues: bias without competition? J Cogn Neurosci 23: 1973–1986.
[52]  Keitel C, Andersen SK, Muller MM (2010) Competitive effects on steady-state visual evoked potentials with frequencies in- and outside the alpha band. Exp Brain Res 205: 489–495.
[53]  Müller MM, Andersen SK, Hindi Attar C (2011) Attentional bias to briefly presented emotional distractors follows a slow time course in visual cortex. J Neurosci 31: 15914–15918.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133