全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Relative Importance of Modularity and Other Morphological Attributes on Different Types of Lithic Point Weapons: Assessing Functional Variations

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048009

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The specific using of different prehistoric weapons is mainly determined by its physical properties, which provide a relative advantage or disadvantage to perform a given, particular function. Since these physical properties are integrated to accomplish that function, examining design variables and their pattern of integration or modularity is of interest to estimate the past function of a point. Here we analyze a composite sample of lithic points from southern Patagonia likely formed by arrows, thrown spears and hand-held points to test if they can be viewed as a two-module system formed by the blade and the stem, and to evaluate the degree in which shape, size, asymmetry, blade: stem length ratio, and tip angle explain the observed variance and differentiation among points supposedly aimed to accomplish different functions. To do so we performed a geometric morphometric analysis on 118 lithic points, departing from 24 two-dimensional landmark and semi landmarks placed on the point's contour. Klingenberg's covariational modularity tests were used to evaluate different modularity hypotheses, and a composite PCA including shape, size, asymmetry, blade: stem length ratio, and tip angle was used to estimate the importance of each attribute to explaining variation patterns. Results show that the blade and the stem can be seen as “near decomposable units” in the points integrating the studied sample. However, this modular pattern changes after removing the effects of reduction. Indeed, a resharpened point tends to show a tip/rest of the point modular pattern. The composite PCA analyses evidenced three different patterns of morphometric attributes compatible with arrows, thrown spears, and hand-held tools. Interestingly, when analyzed independently, these groups show differences in their modular organization. Our results indicate that stone tools can be approached as flexible designs, characterized by a composite set of interacting morphometric attributes, and evolving on a modular way.

References

[1]  Bleed P (1986) The optimal design of hunting weapons: Maintainability and Reliability. Am Antiq 51: 737–747.
[2]  Cotterell B, Kamminga J (1990) Projectiles. In: Cotterell B, Kamminga J, editors. Mechanics of pre-industrial technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 160–188.
[3]  Hughes S (1994) Getting to the Point: Evolutionary Change in Prehistoric Weaponry. J Archaeol Method and Theory 5: 345–408.
[4]  Knetch H (1997) Projectile points of bone, antler, and stone: experimental explorations of manufacture and use. In: Knetch H, editor. Projectile Technology. New York: Plenum Press. 191–212.
[5]  Ratto N (1991) Análisis funcional de las puntas de proyectil líticas de sitios del sudeste de la isla grande de Tierra del Fuego. Arqueología. Buenos Aires. 1: 151–178.
[6]  Ratto N (1992) Técnicas de caza prehistóricas en ambientes de Patagonia (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Palimpsesto. Buenos Aires. 1: 37–49.
[7]  Ratto N (1994) Funcionalidad versus adscripción cultural: cabezales líticos de la margen norte del estrecho de Magallanes. In: Lanata JL, Borrero LA, editors. Arqueología de cazadores-recolectores. Límites, casos y aperturas. Arqueología contemporánea 5. Edición Especial. 105–120.
[8]  Ratto N (2003) Estrategias de Caza y Propiedades de RegistroArqueológico en la Puna de Chaschuil (Dpto. de Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina). Ph. D. Thesis. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires. http://cambiocultural.homestead.com/ratt?o.html.
[9]  Charlin J, González-José R (2012) Size and shape variation in Late Holocene projectile points of southern Patagonia. A geometric morphometric study. AmAntiq 77: 221–242.
[10]  Thulman D (2012) Discriminating Paleoindian point types from Florida using landmark geometric morphometrics. J Archaeol Sc 39: 1599–1607.
[11]  Wagner GP (1996) Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity. Am Zool 36: 36–43.
[12]  Schlosser G, Wagner GP (2003) Introduction: The modularity concept in developmental and evolutionary biology. In: Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 1–11.
[13]  Wagner GP, Pavlicev M, Cheverud J (2007) The road to modularity. Nat Gen 8: 921–931.
[14]  Hallgrímsson B, Jamniczky H, Young NM, Rolian C, Parsons TE, et al. (2009) Deciphering the Palimpsest: Studying the relationship between morphological integration and phenotypic covariation. EvolBiol 36: 355–376.
[15]  Schlosser G (2004) The role of modules in development and evolution. In: Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 519–582.
[16]  Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors (2004) Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1–600.
[17]  Pahl G, Beitz W, Feldhusen J, Grote KH (2007) Engineering design: A systematic approach, (3rd ed.). London: Springer-Verlag. 617 p.
[18]  Krohs U (2009) The cost of modularity. In: Krohs U, Kroes P, editors. Functions in Biological and Artificial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives. Cambridge: MIT Press. 259–276.
[19]  Callebaut W (2005) The ubiquity of modularity. In: Callebaut W, Rasskin-Gutman D, editors. Modularity. Understanding the development and evolution of natural complex systems. Cambridge: MIT press. 455 p.
[20]  Simon H (1969) The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press. 231 p.
[21]  Baldwin CY, Clark KB (2003) Introduction: artifacts, design, and the structure of industries. In: Baldwin CY and Clark KB, editors. Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Cambridge: MIT press. 1–18.
[22]  Gómez Otero J, Goye S, Banegas A, Ratto N (2011) Cabezales líticos y armas en la cuenca del río Gallegos, Patagonia meridional, Argentina. Poster presented at VIII Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia, Malargüe, Mendoza.
[23]  Bird J (1938) Antiquity and migrations of the early inhabitans of Patagonia. Geog Rev 28: 250–275.
[24]  Bird J (1946) The Archaeology of Patagonia. In: Steward JH, editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume I: The Marginal Tribes. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. 17–24.
[25]  Bird J (1988) Travels and archaeology in South Chile. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. 278 p.
[26]  Rohlf J (2004a) TPSUtil. version 1.26. 2004b. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University. Stony Brook, New York.
[27]  Rohlf FJ (2004b) TPSDig. version 1.4. 2004a. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University. Stony Brook, New York.
[28]  Rohlf J, Slice DE (1990) Extensions of Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. SystZool 39: 40–59.
[29]  Goodall C (1991) Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape. J Roy Stat Soc Series B 53: 285–339.
[30]  Rohlf FJ (2007) TPSRelw. 1.45 ed. Stony Brook, NY: Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York.
[31]  Dryden IL, Mardia KV (1998) Statistical shape analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 347 p.
[32]  Klingenberg CP Monteiro LR (2005) Distances and directions in multidimensional shape spaces: implications for morphometric applications. SystBiol 54: 678–688.
[33]  Ahler S, Geib P (2000) Why flute? Folsom point design and adaptation. J Archaeol Sc 27: 799–820.
[34]  Andrefsky W (2006) Experimental and archaeological verification of an index of retouch for hafted bifaces. AmAntiq 71: 743–757.
[35]  Bement L (2002) Pickin'up the pieces: Folsom projectile point re-sharpening technology. In: Tulsa, Oklahoma: Lithic Technology, Special Publication n° Clark JE, Collins MB, editors. Folsom Technology and lifeways. 4: 135–140.
[36]  Buchanan B (2006) An analysis of Folsom projectile point resharpening using quantitative comparisons of form and allometry. J Archaeol Sc 33: 185–199.
[37]  Casti?eira C, Cardillo M, Charlin J, Baeza J (2011) Análisis de morfometría geométrica en puntasCola de Pescado del Uruguay. Lat Am Antiq 22: 335–358.
[38]  Flenniken JJ, Raymond AW (1986) Morphological projectile point typology: replication, experimentation and technological analysis. Am Antiq 51: 603–614.
[39]  Hunzicker D (2008) Folsom projectile technology: an experiment in design, effectiveness and efficiency. Plains Anthropologist 53: 291–311.
[40]  Iriarte J (1995) Afinando la puntería: tama?o, forma y rejuvenecimiento en las puntas de proyectil pedunculadas del Uruguay. In: Actas del VIII Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Uruguaya. Montevideo, Uruguay. 142–151.
[41]  Morrow J (2002) MorrowTA (2002) Exploring the Clovis-Gainey-Folsom continuum: technological and morphological variation in midwestern fluted points. In: Tulsa, Oklahoma: Lithic Technology, Special Publication n° Clark JE, Collins , MB , editors. Folsom Technology and lifeways. 4: 141–157.
[42]  Shott M, Hunzicker DA, Patten B (2007) Pattern and allometric measurement of reduction in experimental Folsom bifaces. Lithic Technology 32: 203–217.
[43]  Towner RH, Warburton M (1990) Projectile point rejuvenation: a technological analysis. J Field Archaeol 17: 311–321.
[44]  Klingenberg CP (2008) Morphological integration and developmental modularity. Ann Rev Ecol EvolSyst 39: 115–132.
[45]  Klingenberg CP (2009) Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: Tools for evaluating a-priori hypotheses. Evol Dev 11: 405–421.
[46]  Foley R, Lahr MM (2003) On stony ground: Lithic technology, human evolution, and the emergence of culture. EvolAnthropol 12: 109–122.
[47]  Nami H (1984) Algunas observaciones sobre la manufactura de las puntas de proyectil de El Volcán. PREP Informes de Investigación 1: 85107.
[48]  Ratto N (1990) Análisis funcional de las puntas de proyectil líticas del sitio Punta María 2 (Tierra del Fuego). Shincal. Catamarca. 3: 171–177.
[49]  Shott M (1997) Stones and shafts redux: the metric discrimination of chipped-stone dart and arrow points. AmAntiq 62: 86–101.
[50]  Thomas D (1978) Arrowheads and atlatl darts: how the stones got the shaft. Am Antiq 43: 461–472.
[51]  Odell GH, Cowan F (1986) Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets. J Field Archaeol 13: 195–212.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133