[1] | Galdikas BMF (1985) Subadult male orangutan sociality and reproductive behavior at Tanjung Puting. American Journal of Primatology 8: 87–99.
|
[2] | MacKinnon JR (1974) Behavior and ecology of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Animal Behaviour 22: 3–74.
|
[3] | Rijksen H (1978) A field study on Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelli, Lesson 1827): ecology, behaviour and conservation: Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen, Netherlands.
|
[4] | te Boekhorst IJA, Schürmann CL, Sugardjito J (1990) Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatra, Indonesia). Animal Behaviour 39: 1098–1109.
|
[5] | Utami SS, Goossens B, Bruford MW, de RuiterJR, van Hooff JARAM (2002) Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans. Behavioral Ecology 13: 643–652.
|
[6] | Knott CD, Emery Thompson M, Stumpf RM, McIntyre MH (2010) Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 277: 105–113.
|
[7] | Maple T (1980) Orangutan Behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
|
[8] | Kingsley S (1982) Causes of non-breeding and the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the male orang-utan: a hormonal study. In: de Boer LEM, editor. The Orang-Utan, Its Biology and Conservation. The Hague: W. Junk. 215–229.
|
[9] | Graham CE, Nadler RD (1990) Socioendocrine interactions in great ape reproduction. In: Ziegler TE, Bercovitch FB, editors. Socioendocrinology of Primate Reproduction: Wiley-Liss, Inc, New York. 33–58.
|
[10] | Maggioncalda A, Czekala NM, Sapolsky RM (2002) Male orangutan subadulthood: a new twist on the relationships between chronic stress and developmental arrest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118: 25–32.
|
[11] | Nelson RJ, 3rd (2005) An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition: Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, MA. 816 pp p.
|
[12] | Wingfield JC, Hegner RE, Dufty AM Jr, Ball GF (1990) The ‘challenge hypothesis’: theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. American Naturalist 136: 829–846.
|
[13] | Dixson AF (1998) Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Human Beings: Oxford University Press, Oxford.
|
[14] | Maggioncalda AN, Sapolsky RM, Czekala NM (1999) Reproductive hormone profiles in captive male orangutans: implications for understanding developmental arrest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109: 19–32.
|
[15] | Knott CD (2009) Orangutans: sexual coercion without sexual violence. In: Muller MN, Wrangham RW, editors. Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on Male Aggression Against Females. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 81–111.
|
[16] | Mitani JC (1985) Mating behaviour of male orangutans in the Kutai Game Reserve, Indonesia. Animal Behaviour 33: 392–402.
|
[17] | Chrousos GP (1998) Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response: the 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences 851: 311–335.
|
[18] | Sapolsky RM (1992) Neuroendocrinology of the stress response. In: Becker JB, Breedlove SM, Crews D, editors. Behavioral Endocrinology: MIT Press, Cambridge. 284–324.
|
[19] | Hacklander K, Mostl E, Arnold W (2003) Reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots, Marmota marmota. Animal Behaviour 65: 1133–1140.
|
[20] | Hardy MP, Sottas CM, Ge R, McKittrick CR, Tamashiro KL, et al. (2002) Trends of reproductive hormones in male rates during psychosocial stress: role of glucocorticoid metabolism in behavioral dominance. Biology of Reproduction 67: 1750–1755.
|
[21] | Ziegler TE, Scheffler G, Snowdon CT (1995) The relationship of cortisol levels to reproductive functioning in female cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus. Hormones and Behavior 29: 407–424.
|
[22] | Creel SF (2005) Dominance, aggression, and glucocorticoid levels in social carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 255–264.
|
[23] | Maggioncalda AN, Czekala NM, Sapolsky RM (2000) Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in captive male orangutans: Implications for understanding developmental arrest. American Journal of Primatology 50: 67–76.
|
[24] | Muller MN, Lipson SF (2003) Diurnal patterns of urinary steroid excretion in wild chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 60: 161–166.
|
[25] | Czekala NM, Lance VA, Sutherland-Smith M (1994) Diurnal urinary corticoid excretion in the human and gorilla. American Journal of Primatology 34: 29–34.
|
[26] | Whitten PL, Brockman DK, Stavisky RC (1998) Recent advances in noninvasive techniques to monitor hormone-behavior interactions. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41: 1–23.
|
[27] | Robbins MM, Czekala NM (1997) A preliminary investigation of urinary testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 43: 51–64.
|
[28] | Hauser B, Schulz D, Boesch C, Deschner T (2008) Measuring urinary testosterone levels of great apes – problems with enzymatic hydrolysis using Helix pomatia juice. General and Comparative Endocrinology 158: 77–86.
|
[29] | Munro CJ, Lasley BL (1988) Non-radiometric methods for immunoassay of steroid hormones. Prog Clin Biol Res 285: 289–329.
|
[30] | Taussky HH (1954) A microcolorimetric determination of creatinine in urine by the Jaffe reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 208: 853–861.
|
[31] | Ellison PT, Bribiescas RG, Bentley GR, Campbell BC, Lipson SF, et al. (2002) Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone. Human Reproduction 17: 3251–3253.
|
[32] | Altmann J, Gesquiere L, Galbany J, Onyango PO, Alberts SC (2010) Life history context of reproductive aging in a wild primate model. Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences 1204: 127–138.
|
[33] | Strier KB, Ziegler TE, Wittwer DJ (1999) Seasonal and social correlates of fecal testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides). Hormones and Behavior 35: 125–134.
|
[34] | Anderson HB, Emery Thompson M, Knott CD, Perkins L (2008) Fertility and mortality patterns of captive Bornean and Sumatran orangutans: is there a species difference in life history?. Journal of Human Evolution 54: 34–42.
|
[35] | Wich SA, Utami-Atmoko SS, Mitra Setia T, Rijksen HD, Schurmann C, et al. (2004) Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Human Evolution 47: 385–398.
|
[36] | Knott CD, Emery Thompson M, Wich SA (2009) The ecology of reproduction in wild orangutans. In: Wich SA, Utami SS, Mitra Setia T, van Schaik CP, editors. Orangutans: Ecology, Evolution, Behaviour, and Conservation. London: Oxford University Press. 171–188.
|
[37] | Delgado R, van Schaik CP (2000) The behavioural ecology and conservation of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): a tale of two islands. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 201–218.
|
[38] | Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Whitten PL (2006) Testosterone predicts future dominance rank and mating activity among male chacma baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59: 469–479.
|
[39] | Setchell JM, Dixson AF (2002) Developmental variables and dominance rank in adolescent male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). American Journal of Primatology 56: 9–25.
|
[40] | Wickings EJ, Dixson AF (1992) Testicular function, secondary sexual development, and social status in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Physiology & Behavior 52: 909–916.
|
[41] | Knott CD (1999) Orangutan behavior and ecology. In: Dolhinow P, Fuentes A, editors. The Nonhuman Primates. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. 50–57.
|
[42] | Singleton I, van Schaik CP (2001) Orangutan home range size and its determinants in a Sumatran swamp forest. International Journal of Primatology 22: 877–911.
|
[43] | Muehlenbein MP, Bribiescas RG (2005) Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories. American Journal of Human Biology 17: 527–558.
|
[44] | Folstad I, Karter AJ (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. The American Naturalist 139: 603–622.
|
[45] | Utami Atmoko SS (2000) Bimaturism in orang-utan males: reproductive and ecology strategies: Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
|
[46] | Schürmann CL, van Hooff JA (1986) Reproductive strategies of the orang-utan: new data and a reconsideration of existing sociosexual models. International Journal of Primatology 7: 265–287.
|