[1] | Warrell DA (1992) The global problem of snake bite: Its prevention and treatment. In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan CK, editors. Recent advances in toxinology research. Singapore: National University of Singapore. pp. 121–153.
|
[2] | Chippaux JP (1998) Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 76: 515–524.
|
[3] | Swaroop S, Grab B (1954) Snakebite mortality in the world. Bull World Health Organ 10: 35–76.
|
[4] | Theakston RDG, Warrell DA, Griffiths E (2003) Report of a WHO workshop on the standardization and control of antivenoms. Toxicon 41: 541–557.
|
[5] | Warrell DA, Arnett C (1976) The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper ( ). Epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop 33: 307–341.
|
[6] | Warrell DA (1995) Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Asia. In: Meier J, White J, editors. Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press. pp. 493–594.
|
[7] | Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, et al. (2004) Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 234–238.
|
[8] | Theakston RDG, Warrell DA (2000) Crisis in snake antivenom supply for Africa. Lancet 356: 2104.
|
[9] | Warrell DA (1995) Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian peninsula. In: Meier J, White J, editors. Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press. pp. 433–492.
|
[10] | Gutiérrez JM (1995) Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Central America. In: Meier J, White J, editors. Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press. pp. 645–665.
|
[11] | Fan HW, Cardoso JL (1995) Clinical toxicology of snake bites in South America. In: Meier J, White J, editors. Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press. pp. 667–688.
|
[12] | Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A (2000) Snake venom metalloproteinases: Their role in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage. Biochimie 82: 841–850.
|
[13] | Gutiérrez JM, Ownby CL (2003) Skeletal muscle degeneration induced by venom phospholipases A 2: Insights into the mechanisms of local and systemic myotoxicity. Toxicon 42: 915–931.
|
[14] | Warrell DA (1996) Clinical features of envenoming from snake bites. In: Bon C, Goyffon M, editors. Envenomings and their treatments. Lyon: Fondation Marcel Mérieux. pp. 63–76.
|
[15] | Lalloo D, Theakston RDG (2003) Snake antivenoms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41: 277–290.
|
[16] | Gutiérrez JM, León G, Lomonte B (2003) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of immunoglobulin therapy for envenomation. Clin Pharmacokinet 42: 721–741.
|
[17] | Gutiérrez JM, León G, Rojas G, Lomonte B, Rucavado A, et al. (1998) Neutralization of local tissue damage induced by (terciopelo) snake venom. Toxicon 36: 1529–1539.
|
[18] | Rucavado A, Escalante T, Franceschi A, Chaves F, León G, et al. (2000) Inhibition of local hemorrhage and dermonecrosis induced by snake venom: Effectiveness of early in situ administration of the peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat and the chelating agent CaNa 2EDTA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 313–319.
|
[19] | Rucavado A, Escalante T, Gutiérrez JM (2004) Effect of the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat in the systemic toxicity induced by snake venom: Understanding the role of metalloproteinases in envenomation. Toxicon 43: 417–424.
|
[20] | Angulo Y, Lomonte B (2003) Inhibitory effects of fucoidan on the activities of crotaline snake venom myotoxic phospholipases A2. Biochem Pharmacol 66: 1993–2000.
|
[21] | Yingprasertchai S, Bunyasrisawat S, Ratanabanangkoon K (2003) Hyaluronidase inhibitors (sodium chromoglycate and sodium auro-thiomalate) reduce the local tissue damage and prolong the survival time of mice injected with and venoms. Toxicon 42: 635–646.
|
[22] | Harrison RA, Moura-da-Silva AM, Laing GD, Wu Y, Richards A, et al. (2000) Antibody from mice immunized with DNA encoding the carboxyl-disintegrin and cysteine-rich domain (JD9) of the hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, jararhagin, inhibits the main lethal component of viper venom. Clin Exp Immunol 121: 358–363.
|
[23] | Grandgeorge M, Véron JL, Lutsch C, Makula MF, Riffard P, et al. (1996) Preparation of improved F(ab') 2antivenoms. An example: New polyvalent European viper antivenom (equine). In: Bon C, Goyffon M, editors. Envenomings and their treatments. Lyon: Fondation Marcel Mérieux. pp. 161–172.
|
[24] | Burnouf T, Griffiths E, Padilla A, Seddik S, Stephano MA, et al. (2004) Assessment of the viral safety of antivenoms fractionated from equine plasma. Biologicals 32: 115–128.
|
[25] | Thalley BS, Carroll SB (1990) Rattlesnake and scorpion antivenoms from the egg yolks of immunized hens. Biotechnology 8: 934–938.
|
[26] | Harrison RA, Hasson SS, Harmsen M, Laing GD, Conrath K, et al. (2005) Neutralisation of venom-induced haemorrhage by IgG from camels and llamas immunized with viper venom and also by endogenous, non-IgG components in camelid sera. Toxicon 47: 364–368.
|
[27] | Laing GD, Renjifo JM, Ruiz F, Harrison RA, Nasidi A, et al. (2003) A new Pan African polyspecific antivenom developed in response to the antivenom crisis in Africa. Toxicon 42: 35–41.
|
[28] | Gutiérrez JM, Rojas E, Quesada L, León G, Nú?ez J, et al. (2005) Pan-African polyspecific antivenom produced by capryic acid purification of horse IgG: An alternative to the antivenom crisis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 468–475.
|
[29] | Chippaux JP, Stock RP, Alagón A (2005) Report of the 2nd International Conference of Envenomations in Africa (Deuxieme Colloque International sur les Envenimations en Afrique). Toxicon 46: 115–118.
|
[30] | Cheng AC, Winkel K (2001) Call for global snake-bite control and procurement funding. Lancet 357: 1132.
|
[31] | Wilde H, Thipkong P, Sitprija V, Chaiyabutr N (1996) Heterologous antisera and antivenins are essential biologicals: Perspectives on a worldwide crisis. Ann Intern Med 125: 233–236.
|
[32] | Warrell DA (1999) WHO/SEARO guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the Southeast Asian region. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30: Suppl 11–85.
|