Karyotypes and heterochromatin variation (C-bands) in Melipona species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae)

we describe the karyotypes of eight bee species of the genus melipona and compare them in terms of heterochromatin content and location (c-banding technique). all species had 2n = 18 (females) and n = 9 (males) chromosomes, but a wide variation in heterochromatin content was detected among karyotypes. on the basis of these differences, the species were divided into two functional groups, one of them comprising species with a karyotype having a low heterochromatin content (m. bicolor bicolor, m. quadrifasciata, m. marginata, and m. asilvai), and the other species with a high heterochromatin content (m. seminigra fuscopilosa, m. capixaba, m. scutellaris, and m. captiosa). in the species with high heterochromatin content, heterochromatin occupied practically the entire extent of all chromosomes, with euchromatin being limited to the extremities, a fact that prevented observation of the centromere. in contrast, in the species with karyotypes having a low heterochromatin content, heterochromatin was visualized only in some chromosomes. in the chromosomes in which it was present, heterochromatin was located in the centromere or on the short arm. m. bicolor bicolor had the smallest heterochromatin content with only three chromosome pairs presenting heterochromatin in females. increased heterochromatin content may be explained by interstitial and pericentromeric growth.