Tratamientos nominales y cortesía en la novela pe？as arriba de José María de pereda

courtesy in the 19th century is defined in terms of the remarkable importance of kinship and status relationships, which is evidenced in the treatment of verbal forms through the use of nominal forms and, secondarily, through the use of pronominals, given that the mutual exchange of the pronoun usted is almost a constant. the realistic novel pe？as arriba recreates a rural ambience, which distinguishes it from other works of the same genre and makes it a significant object of study. the novel recreates a variety of characters -countrymen, servants of the casona, the noble oligarchy, a priest, a doctor-, holding different types of relationships (family, friendship, social or occupational relationships, etc). we will analyze the nominal forms taking into account the most relevant sociolinguistic and pragmatic perspectives of recent times: brown & gilman (1960), brown & levinson (1987) or haverkate (1994).