碳化硼防弹陶瓷的配方改良与防护性能研究
Study on Formula Improvement and Protective Properties of Boron Carbide Bulletproof Ceramics

针对极端工况下装甲防护系统对轻量化与高性能的迫切需求，传统纯相碳化硼陶瓷受制于加工壁垒与较高的制造成本，其大规模工程化应用仍面临较大挑战。本研究提出一种基于碳化硼–碳化硅复合体系的配方改良方案，系统探究了其在极端热力学环境下的微观力学演变与宏观抗弹吸能机制。研究表明，改良后的复合陶瓷在保持2.72 g/cm³低密度与25 GPa高硬度的同时，抗压强度显著提升至2900 MPa以上。将该复合陶瓷面板与超高分子量聚乙烯背板相耦合，制备出重量低于3千克的轻量化防弹插板。在对标国际高等级防护标准的弹道极限靶试中，经负40摄氏度深冷与55摄氏度高温预处理的受试靶板，均成功拦截初速约870 m/s的7.62毫米穿甲燃烧弹，未发生穿透现象，且背衬最大凹陷深度仅为29.2毫米。本研究验证了该复合配方在极端交变环境下卓越的抗侵彻效能，为高性能防弹装甲的工程化研制提供了初步的实验依据。
In view of the urgent demand for lightweight and high performance of armored protection system under extreme working conditions, the traditional pure phase boron carbide ceramics are subject to processing barriers and high manufacturing costs, and its largescale engineering application still faces great challenges. In this study, a formula improvement scheme based on boron carbidesilicon carbide composite system is proposed, and its micromechanical evolution and macroscopic energy absorption mechanism under extreme thermodynamic environment are systematically explored. The results show that the compressive strength of the improved composite ceramics is significantly improved to over 2900 MPa while maintaining the low density of 2.72 g/cm³ and the high hardness of 25 GPa. The composite ceramic panel is coupled with the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene backboard, and a lightweight bulletproof board with a weight of less than 3 kg is prepared. In the ballistic limit target test against the international highgrade protection standard, the target plates pretreated at 40 degrees Celsius and 55 degrees Celsius successfully intercepted the 7.62 mm armor-piercing incendiary bomb with an initial velocity of about 870 m/s, and no penetration occurred, and the maximum depression depth of the backing was only 29.2 mm. This study verifies the excellent antipenetration efficiency of the composite formula in extreme alternating environment, and provides a preliminary experimental basis for the engineering development of high-performance bulletproof armor.