The interaction between graphene and the substrate on which it is supported plays a fundamental role in determining its optical and electronic properties. In this work, multilayer graphene samples were synthesized through mechanical exfoliation and deposited onto conventional Si/SiO2 substrates and NaCl highly textured crystalline substrates. Optical contrast microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to determine the number of graphene layers and to evaluate substrate-induced effects. Unlike graphene on Si/SiO2, graphene deposited on NaCl exhibited negative optical contrast and reduced wavelength dependence. Raman analysis revealed substrate dependent doping behavior: graphene on SiO2 presented predominant p-type doping, whereas graphene on NaCl showed a tendency toward n-type doping with strain contributions dominating the spectral shifts. Carrier concentrations were estimated to be on the order of 1012 cm？2. These results demonstrate the strong influence of ionic crystalline substrates on graphene properties and highlight NaCl as a promising platform for studying electrostatic substrate effects in two-dimensional materials.
References
[1]
Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., et al. (2004) Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 306, 666-669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
[2]
Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W. and Hone, J. (2008) Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Science, 321, 385-388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
[3]
Griffith, A.A. (1921) VI. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, 221, 163-198. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1921.0006
[4]
Pantano, M.F., Iacob, E., Picciotto, A., Margesin, B., Centeno, A., Zurutuza, A., et al. (2019) Investigation of Charges-Driven Interactions between Graphene and Different SiO2 Surfaces. Carbon, 148, 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.03.071
[5]
Nowak, D., Clapa, M., Kula, P., Sochacki, M., Stonio, B., Galazka, M., et al. (2019) Influence of the Interactions at the Graphene-Substrate Boundary on Graphene Sensitivity to UV Irradiation. Materials, 12, Article No. 3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233949
[6]
Kong, W., Li, H., Qiao, K., Kim, Y., Lee, K., Nie, Y., et al. (2018) Polarity Governs Atomic Interaction through Two-Dimensional Materials. Nature Materials, 17, 999-1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0176-4
[7]
Mendoza, D. (2000) The Cooper Pair Problem in an External Periodic Potential. Re-vista Mexicana de Física, 46, 304-308.
[8]
Bautista-Flores, C., Sato-Berrú, R.Y. and Mendoza, D. (2018) Raman Spectroscopy of CVD Graphene during Transfer Process from Copper to SiO2/Si Substrates. Materials Research Express, 6, Article ID: 015601. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae32f
[9]
Mishra, N., Rossi, A., Martini, L., Chianese, F., Magnozzi, M., Canepa, M., et al. (2026) Spontaneous Intercalation of Graphene on Sapphire. Small Methods, 10, e02396. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202502396
[10]
Shim, J., Lui, C.H., Ko, T.Y., Yu, Y., Kim, P., Heinz, T.F., et al. (2012) Water-Gated Charge Doping of Graphene Induced by Mica Substrates. Nano Letters, 12, 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2034317
[11]
Bautista-Flores, C. and Mendoza, D. (2014) Modulación de las propiedades electrónicas de multicapas de grafeno por un material iónico. Proceedings of the VII Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Física, Mexico City, 24-28 November 2014, 1.
[12]
Bautista Flores, C. Grafeno Graphene, YouTube Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9KvTgidDzg
[13]
Bautista Flores, C., Sato Berrú, R.Y. and Mendoza López, D. (2015) Observación de capas de grafeno mediante contraste óptico y dispersión Raman. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 6, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2013.11.50002
[14]
Lee, H., Lee, K., Ryu, S., Yi, Y., Jeon, J., Kim, S., et al. (2022) Nondestructive Thickness Determination of Polymers Based on Optical Contrast of Graphene. Applied Nanoscience, 13, 4427-4435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02710-4
[15]
Fowles, G.R. (1989) Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Corporation.
[16]
Piscanec, S., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F. and Ferrari, A.C. (2007) Optical Phonons of Graphene and Nanotubes. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 148, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2007-00236-2
[17]
Pisana, S., Lazzeri, M., Casiraghi, C., Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Ferrari, A.C., et al. (2007) Breakdown of the Adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer Approximation in Graphene. Nature Materials, 6, 198-201. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1846
[18]
Jnawali, G., Rao, Y., Beck, J.H., Petrone, N., Kymissis, I., Hone, J., et al. (2015) Observation of Ground-and Excited-State Charge Transfer at the C60/Graphene Interface. ACS Nano, 9, 7175-7185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b01896
[19]
Lee, J.E., Ahn, G., Shim, J., Lee, Y.S. and Ryu, S. (2012) Optical Separation of Mechanical Strain from Charge Doping in Graphene. Nature Communications, 3, Article No. 1024. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2022
[20]
Jenkins, F.A., White, H.E. and Brukhard, D.G. (1958) Fundamentals of Optics. American Journal of Physics, 26, Article No. 272. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1996127
[21]
Born, M. and Wolf, E. (1970) Principles of Optics. Pergamon Press.
Malard, L.M., Pimenta, M.A., Dresselhaus, G. and Dresselhaus, M.S. (2009) Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene. Physics Reports, 473, 51-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003
[24]
Ferrari, A.C., Meyer, J.C., Scardaci, V., Casiraghi, C., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., et al. (2006) Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers. Physical Review Letters, 97, Article ID: 187401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.187401
[25]
Das, A., Pisana, S., Chakraborty, B., Piscanec, S., Saha, S.K., Waghmare, U.V., et al. (2008) Monitoring Dopants by Raman Scattering in an Electrochemically Top-Gated Graphene Transistor. Nature Nanotechnology, 3, 210-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.67
[26]
Ott, A.K. and Ferrari, A.C. (2024) Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Related Materials. In: Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90800-9.00252-3
[27]
Neumann, C., Reichardt, S., Venezuela, P., Dr？geler, M., Banszerus, L., Schmitz, M., et al. (2015) Raman Spectroscopy as Probe of Nanometre-Scale Strain Variations in Graphene. Nature Communications, 6, Article No. 8429. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9429
[28]
Zhang, Y., Heiranian, M., Janicek, B., Budrikis, Z., Zapperi, S., Huang, P.Y., et al. (2018) Strain Modulation of Graphene by Nanoscale Substrate Curvatures: A Molecular View. Nano Letters, 18, 2098-2104. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00273
[29]
Lazzeri, M. and Mauri, F. (2006) Nonadiabatic Kohn Anomaly in a Doped Graphene Monolayer. Physical Review Letters, 97, Article ID: 266407. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.266407
[30]
Bautista-Flores, C., Sato-Berrú, R.Y. and Mendoza, D. (2015) Doping Graphene by Chemical Treatments Using Acid and Basic Substances. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 3, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2015.310003
[31]
Chen, C., Park, C., Boudouris, B.W., Horng, J., Geng, B., Girit, C., et al. (2011) Controlling Inelastic Light Scattering Quantum Pathways in Graphene. Nature, 471, 617-620. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09866
[32]
Lafkioti, M., Krauss, B., Lohmann, T., Zschieschang, U., Klauk, H., Klitzing, K.V., et al. (2010) Graphene on a Hydrophobic Substrate: Doping Reduction and Hysteresis Suppression under Ambient Conditions. Nano Letters, 10, 1149-1153. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903162a
[33]
Ryu, S., Liu, L., Berciaud, S., Yu, Y., Liu, H., Kim, P., et al. (2010) Atmospheric Oxygen Binding and Hole Doping in Deformed Graphene on a SiO2 Substrate. Nano Letters, 10, 4944-4951. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1029607
[34]
Pirkle, A., Chan, J., Venugopal, A., Hinojos, D., Magnuson, C.W., McDonnell, S., et al. (2011) The Effect of Chemical Residues on the Physical and Electrical Properties of Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene Transferred to SiO2. Applied Physics Letters, 99, Article ID: 122108. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3643444
