Lithium-ion batteries have become the cornerstone of New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) owing to their high energy density, long cycle life, and high energy efficiency. Nevertheless, there is an increasing need for the integration of a complex battery functionality, safety and longevity. This article critically evaluates recent advances in the principles, developmental trends, and research progress of lithium battery management systems developed for NEV applications. The paper examines the basics of battery types, BMS architecture, state estimation methods, safety features, thermal control, and the next generation technology, including AI-based diagnostics and wireless technology. Also, the second-life applications, circular economy strategies and policy standardization are given special attention. The review highlights several important challenges and opportunities, including real time state estimation, small-scale hardware integration, and constraints in high-speed charging, as well as opportunities in solid-state BMS, federated learning, and cyber-physical simulation platforms. Overall, the article offers a perspective on the future of intelligent, safe and sustainable battery systems in academia and industry.
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