Background: Myokines are set free during physical activity from the working muscles. The investigated autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects support the immune system, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, brain function, and vascular health. Methods: This review summarizes the current evidence on the myokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Irisin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, the literature was reviewed to identify further health benefits associated with physical activity. Two aspects of muscular activity were examined: the acute effects of a single bout of exercise and the effects of endurance training interventions on basal myokine concentrations. Results: A single bout of exercise leads to a rise in IL-6, Irisin and BDNF, varying with intensity and duration. Training results in lowering the basal concentration of Irisin and IL-6 and in elevating BDNF. Most research focused on healthy volunteers. Few results obtained in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus in neurologic and oncologic patients were reported according to the rising evidence. Conclusion: The presented research points towards preventive and rehabilitative applications of myokines in the future. More investigations are needed to specify the kind of exercise, intensity and duration for general prevention and for personalized therapy in rehabilitation.
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