Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Potable and Agriculture Uses in Southeast Dead Sea, Jordan

This study assesses the suitability of groundwater for potable and agricultural purposes of southern Jordan to evaluate the water’s appropriateness for drinking and irrigation as well as the degree of ionic toxicity present. Between August 2024 and August 2025, samples of groundwater were taken from thirty-one groundwater resources. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, main ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺), (${\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}^{？}$ , Cl^？, ${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^{？}$ , ${\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{2}？}$ , ${\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{3}？}$ , F^？), and heavy metals (Fe²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mn²⁺) were all measured in the samples. Due to prolonged contact with rocks, the water quality in the research region was found to be highly salinized. The research found that bicarbonate and chloride were the predominant ions in groundwater samples, which were classed as alkaline earth fluids. The average ion concentrations were as follows: Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺, and ${\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}^{？}$ > Cl^？ > ${\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{2}？}$ > ${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^{？}$ > $$