Direct detection of dark matter (DM) particles has been achieved by the DAMA collaboration and was confirmed by measuring the annual modulation of the measured signal. Analysis of their procedure shows that they found light DM particles that collide with electrons, though it was generally believed that they are massive (WIMPs) and cause nuclear recoils. The Standard Model of particle physics is based on observations that apply only to ordinary matter. It does not account for DM, but it can be generalized by the theory of Space-Time Quantization. Instead of assuming that space and time should be continuous, it considers a finite limit for the smallest measurable distance. The value a of this “quantum of length” is unknown, but has to be a universal constant for any inertial frames, like c and h. This also yields a universally constant quantum of time
. The resulting generalization of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics allows us to distinguish all possible elementary particles from one another. They are characterized by a new type of quantum numbers, specifying modulations of wave functions and fields at the smallest possible scale. This also applies to DM particles. One type of them could be detected by means of NaI(Tl) and another type is adequate to ionize H2 molecules. This process is confirmed by astrophysical observations and other observations revealed that this is the energy source of Unconventional Flying Objects. By explaining how it functions, we show that humanity could also develop this technology to get energy from freely available DM matter.
References
[1]
Zwicky, F. (1933) Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln. Helvetica Physica Acta, 6, 110-127.
[2]
Rubin, V.C. and Ford, W.K.J. (1970) Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions. TheAstrophysicalJournal, 159, 379. https://doi.org/10.1086/150317
[3]
Milgrom, M. (1983) A Modification of the Newtonian Dynamics as a Possible Alternative to the Hidden Mass Hypothesis. TheAstrophysicalJournal, 270, 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1086/161130
[4]
Cooper, K (2024) Cosmic Combat. https://physicsworld.com/a/cosmic-combat-delving-into-the-battle-between-dark-matter-and-modified-gravity/
[5]
Paolo, C.D., Salucci, P. and Fontaine, J.P. (2019) The Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR): Crucial Cases of Dwarf Disks and Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies. TheAstrophysicalJournal, 873, Article 106. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaffd6
[6]
Garrett, K. and Duda, G. (2011) Dark Matter: A Primer. AdvancesinAstronomy, 2011, Article ID: 968283. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/968283
[7]
Battaglieri, M., et al. (2017) US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017 Community Report. arXiv: 1707.04591.
[8]
Barnabei, R., et al. (2008) The DAMA/LIBRA Apparatus. arXiv: 0804.2738.
[9]
Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Cerulli, R., Dai, C.J., d’Angelo, A., et al. (2008) First Results from DAMA/LIBRA and the Combined Results with DAMA/NAI. TheEuropeanPhysicalJournalC, 56, 333-355. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0662-y
[10]
Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Caracciolo, V., Cerulli, R., Dai, C.J., et al. (2023) Dark Matter with DAMA/LIBRA and Its Perspectives. JournalofPhysics: ConferenceSeries, 2586, Article ID: 012096. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2586/1/012096
[11]
Siegel, E. (2021) Goodbye, DAMA/LIBRA: World’s Most Controversial Dark Matter Experiment Fails Replication Test. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/03/04/goodbye-damalibra-worlds-most-controversial-dark-matter-experiment-fails-replication-test/
[12]
Misiaszek, M. and Rossi, N. (2024) Direct Detection of Dark Matter: A Critical Review. Symmetry, 16, Article 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16020201
[13]
Nesti, F., Salucci, P. and Turini, N. (2023) The Quest for the Nature of the Dark Matter: The Need of a New Paradigm. Astronomy, 2, 90-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/astronomy2020007
[14]
Meessen, A. (2021) Elementary Particles Result from Space-Time Quantization. JournalofModernPhysics, 12, 1573-1605. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2021.1211094
[15]
Meessen, A. (2026) Very High-Temperature Superconductivity of Pure Mg Metals, UFOs and Cuprates. JournalofModernPhysics, 17, 240-282. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2026.172015
[16]
Carry, J.T. and Schmitt, D.R. (2019) UFO SECRETS inside Wright-Patterson: Eye-Witness Accounts from the Real Area 51. New Page Books.
[17]
Hyneck, J.A. (1977) The Hynek UFO Report: The Authoritative Account of the Project Blue Book Cover-Up. Mufon Paperback.
[18]
Barnabei, R., et al. (2004) DAMA/NaI Results. arXiv: astro-ph/0405282. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0405282
[19]
Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Bussolotti, A., Cappella, F., Caracciolo, V., Cerulli, R., et al. (2020) The DAMA Project: Achievements, Implications and Perspectives. ProgressinParticleandNuclearPhysics, 114, Article ID: 103810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2020.103810
[20]
Barnabei, R., et al. (2021) Dark Matter: DAMA/LIBRA and Its Perspectives. arXiv: 2110.04734.
[21]
Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Caracciolo, V., Cerulli, R., Dai, C.J., et al. (2025) Annual Modulation Results from Dama/libra. EPJWebofConferences, 319, Article ID: 10001. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202531910001
[22]
Yu, G.H. (2025) Limits If WIMP Dark Matter with NaI(Tl) Crystals in Three Years of COSINE-100 Data. arXiv: 2501.13665. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.13665
[23]
Du, M.H. (2014) Chemical Trends of Electronic and Optical Properties of ns2 Ions in Halides. J.Mater.Chem.C, 2, 4784-4791. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00485j
[24]
Hull, G., et al. (2008) Measurements of NaI(Tl) Electron Response: Comparison of Different Samples. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/966118
[25]
Itoh, M., Hashimoto, S. and Ohno, N. (1991) Self-Trapped Exciton Luminescence in Dilated Nai Crystals-Relaxation Process of Excitons in Alkali Halides. JournalofthePhysicalSocietyofJapan, 60, 4357-4365. https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.60.4357
[26]
Lee, S.M., et al. (2024) Nonproportionality of NaI(Tl) Scintillation Detector for Dark Matter Search Experiments. arXiv: 2401.07462.
[27]
Yu, G.H., Carlin, N., Cho, J.Y., Choi, J.J., Choi, S., Ezeribe, A.C., et al. (2025) Limits on WIMP Dark Matter with NaI(Tl) Crystals in Three Years of COSINE-100 Data. PhysicalReviewLetters, 135, Article ID: 231001. https://doi.org/10.1103/77p2-rnbw
[28]
Jelinsky, S.R., Siegmund, O.H.W. and Mir, J.A. (1996) Progress in Soft X-Ray and UV Photocathodes. SPIEProceedings, 2808, 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.256036
[29]
Zhang, Z., Zhao, Q., Li, Y. and Ouyang, X. (2016) Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of CsI, CsI(Ag) and CsI(Tl). JournaloftheKoreanPhysicalSociety, 68, 1069-1074. https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.68.1069
[30]
Sintham, P., Saengkaew, P. and Sanorpim, S. (2018) Optical Properties of CsI:Tl Crystals Grown Using Different Precursors Purities. JournalofPhysics: ConferenceSeries, 1144, Article ID: 012105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1144/1/012105
[31]
Lee, H.S., et al. (2005) First Limit on WIMP Cross Section with the Low Background CsI(Tl) Crystal Detector. arXiv: astro-ph/0509080.
[32]
Lee, H.S., et al. (2014) Search for Low-Mass Dark Matter with CsI(Tl) Crystal Detectors. arXiv: 1404.3443.
[33]
Wang, X., Lei, Z., Ju, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, N., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) Design, Construction and Commissioning of the PandaX-30T Liquid Xenon Management System. JournalofInstrumentation, 18, P05028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05028
[34]
Lin, Q., Fei, J., Gao, F., Hu, J., Wei, Y., Xiao, X., et al. (2015) Scintillation and Ionization Responses of Liquid Xenon to Low Energy Electronic and Nuclear Recoils at Drift Fields from 236 V/cm to 3.93 kV/cm. PhysicalReviewD, 92, Article ID: 032005. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.92.032005
[35]
Baudis, L., Sanchez-Lucas, P. and Thieme, K. (2021) A Measurement of the Mean Electronic Excitation Energy of Liquid Xenon. TheEuropeanPhysicalJournalC, 81, Article No. 1060. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09834-x
[36]
Cuesta, C., Amaré, J., Cebrián, S., García, E., Ginestra, C., Martínez, M., et al. (2014) Analysis of the 40K Contamination in NaI(Tl) Crystals from Different Providers in the Frame of the ANAIS Project. InternationalJournalofModernPhysicsA, 29, Article ID: 1443010. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14430106
[37]
Adhikari, G., Adhikari, P., de Souza, E.B., Carlin, N., Choi, S., Choi, W.Q., et al. (2018) Initial Performance of the COSINE-100 Experiment. TheEuropeanPhysicalJournalC, 78, Article No. 107. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5590-x
[38]
Adhikaria, G., et al. (2023) An Induced Annual Modulation Signature in CO-SINE-100 Data by DAMA/LIBRA’s Analysis Method. arXiv: 2208.05158.
[39]
Lee, H., Park, B.J., Choi, J.J., Gileva, O., Ha, C., Iltis, A., et al. (2023) Performance of an Ultra-Pure NaI(Tl) Detector Produced by an Indigenously-Developed Purification Method and Crystal Growth for the COSINE-200 Experiment. FrontiersinPhysics, 11, Article 1142765. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1142765
[40]
Meessen, A. (2017) Space-Time Quantization, Elementary Particles and Dark Matter. arXiv: 1108.4883.
[41]
Jasorka, M. (2011) December 3rd 1967, an Alien Encounter. Bombshell Comics.
[42]
Randle, K. (2008) A Different Perspective. https://kevinrandle.blogspot.com/2008/10/schirmer-abduction.html
[43]
Condon, E.U. (1969) Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects. Bantam Book.
[44]
Hopkins, B. (1981) Missing Time: A Documented Study of UFO Abductions. August Night Press.
[45]
Blum, R. (1974) Beyond Earth: Man’s Contact with UFOs. Bantam Books.
[46]
Truth, H. (1967) Police Officer Herbert Schirmer Talks about Being Taken Onboard a UFO, Nebraska, December 3, 1967. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l927-8UCnqU
[47]
Howe, L.M. (1989) An Alien Harvest: Further Evidence Linking Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions to Alien Life Forms. Linda Moulton Howe Productions.
[48]
Jacobs, D.M. (1992) Secret Life: Firsthand, Documented Accounts of UFO Abductions. Simon & Schuster.
[49]
Jacobs, D.M. (1998) The Threat. The Secret Agenda: What the Aliens Really Want and How They Plan to Get It. Simon & Schuster.
[50]
Henning-Kuersten (2021) The Dyatlov Pass Mystery: NOT A Cold Case. Paperback or Hardcover. 1STEIN Publishing.
[51]
Lear, C. (2020) Officer Herbert Schirmer. https://podcastufo.com/officer-herbert-schirmer-and-the-ufo/
[52]
Schirmer, H. (1969) Talk on Radio about Being Taken Onboard a UFO, Nebraska, December 3, 1967. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l927-8UCnqU
[53]
Wood, R.M. and Wood, R.S. (1999-2025) Documents Dated Prior to 1948. https://majesticdocuments.com/documents/majestic-documents/documents-dated-prior-to-1948/
[54]
Stringfield, L. (2019) UFO Crash Retrievals: The Complete Investigation—Status Reports I-VII. (1978-1994). Lulu Press.
[55]
Meessen, A. (2023) Explanation of Cold Nuclear Fusion and Biotransmutations. JournalofModernPhysics, 14, 1087-1116. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.147060
[56]
Hernandes, J.A. and Assis, A.K.T. (2005) Electric Potential Due to an Infinite Conducting Cylinder with Internal or External Point Charge. JournalofElectrostatics, 63, 1115-1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2005.02.005
[57]
Twinning, N.F. (1947) Headquarters Air Material Command: opinion concerning “Flying Discs”. Air Materiel Command, Wright Field, Dayton.
[58]
Meessen, A. (2017) Astrophysics and Dark Matter Theory. JournalofModernPhysics, 08, 268-298. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2017.82018
[59]
Cirelli, M., Strumia, A. and Zupan, J. (2024) Dark Matter. 515 p. arXiv: 2406.01705.
[60]
Luque, P.D.L.T., Balaji, S. and Silk, J. (2025) Anomalous Ionization in the Central Molecular Zone by Sub-Gev Dark Matter. PhysicalReviewLetters, 134, Article ID: 101001. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.134.101001
[61]
Sciama, D.W. (1990) Dark Matter Decay and the Ionization of H I Regions in the Galaxy. TheAstrophysicalJournal, 364, 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1086/169436
[62]
Oka, T. (2006) Interstellar . https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.0601242103
[63]
Prabhu, A. and Blanco, C. (2023) Constraints on Dark Matter-Electron Scattering from Molecular Cloud Ionization. PhysicalReviewD, 108, Article ID: 035035. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.108.035035
[64]
Youtube (2025) NASA Finds Mysterious Dark Halo at Milky Way’s Core. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQiqlc2rk5E
[65]
Blanco, C. and Leane, R.K. (2024) Search for Dark Matter Ionization on the Night Side of Jupiter with Cassini. PhysicalReviewLetters, 132, Article ID: 261002. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.132.261002
[66]
Blinder, S.M. (2015) Centennial of General Relativity (1915-2015): The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes. arXiv: 1512.02061.
[67]
Meessen, A. (2017) Accelerated Expansion of Space, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Big Bang Processes. JournalofModernPhysics, 8, 251-267. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2017.82017