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多类型催化体系作用的苯并咪唑合成研究进展
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Abstract:
苯并咪唑是一类重要含氮杂环化合物，在医药、材料等领域应用广泛，其高效绿色合成是有机催化的研究热点。文章系统综述均相催化、非均相金属与纳米催化、多孔骨架催化、无金属催化、光催化及电化学合成、流动化学与连续流催化合成七大体系，重点梳理不同催化策略的反应机理、工艺条件与底物适用性。研究表明，各催化体系通过活性位点设计、载体修饰、外场辅助等手段，可实现温和条件下苯并咪唑的高收率、高选择性合成，部分体系副产物仅为氢气与水，符合绿色化学要求，非均相与光/电催化体系还具备催化剂易回收、循环稳定性好等优势。综上，多类型催化体系为苯并咪唑的高效、绿色、可控制备提供了丰富路径，未来可进一步聚焦催化机制解析、低成本催化剂开发与工业化放大研究，推动苯并咪唑类化合物的合成与应用发展。
Benzimidazoles are an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, materials, and other fields. Efficient and green synthesis of benzimidazoles has become a research hotspot in organic catalysis. This review systematically summarizes seven major catalytic systems, including homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous metal and nanocatalysis, porous framework catalysis, metal-free catalysis, photocatalysis and electrochemical synthesis, as well as flow chemistry and continuous-flow catalysis. The reaction mechanisms, process conditions, and substrate applicability of these catalytic strategies are comprehensively discussed. Studies show that through active site design, support modification, and external field assistance, these systems can achieve high-yield and highly selective synthesis of benzimidazoles under mild conditions. Some systems generate only hydrogen and water as byproducts, meeting green chemistry principles, while heterogeneous, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic systems also offer advantages such as facile catalyst recovery and excellent recyclability. In conclusion, diverse catalytic strategies provide versatile routes for the efficient, green, and controllable preparation of benzimidazoles. Future research may focus on mechanistic elucidation, development of low-cost catalysts, and industrial-scale implementation to further advance the synthesis and application of benzimidazole derivatives.
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