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Optimization of Deacidification of Degummed Palm Kernel Oil with Kolanut Pod Ash Using Response Surface Methodology

DOI: 10.4236/aces.2026.163003, PP. 25-47

Keywords: Palm Kernel Oil, Deacidification, Kolanut Pod Ash, Response Surface Methodology, Free Fatty Acids, Optimization

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Abstract:

Deacidification of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) remains a critical challenge in developing countries, where conventional chemical refining methods are energy-intensive and economically prohibitive for small-scale processors. This study investigated the optimization of CPKO deacidification using kolanut pod ash as an eco-friendly bio-adsorbent through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design. Three process variables were evaluated: reaction time (10 - 30 minutes), temperature (60?C - 70?C), and kolanut pod ash dosage (1% - 5% w/w). There was 91% free fatty acid (FFA) content reduction. A significant quadratic model (F-value = 3.82, p = 0.0242) with Adjusted R2 of 0.5718 was obtained. The influential factors were reaction time (p = 0.0111), kolanut pod ash dosage (p < 0.0001), time-temperature (p = 0.0431) and time-dosage (p = 0.0073). Quality parameters remained within acceptable ranges: iodine values (35.4 - 50.3 g I2/100g), acid values (7.18 - 51.02 mg KOH/g), and saponification values (250.67 - 290.12 mg KOH/g). This research demonstrates that kolanut pod ash can serve as an effective, low-cost, and green alternative to synthetic refining agents.

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