全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Concluding Remarks on Business Strategy: Insights & Implications from a Textual Analysis

DOI: 10.4236/vp.2026.122016, PP. 224-255

Keywords: Competition, Management, Organizations, Performance, Semantics, Sentiment

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Organizations use strategy as a means of adding coherence and direction to the actions of those under their employ. As a theory and praxis, business strategy is sufficiently established to be considered common knowledge if not close to the core of its operational ideology. Whereas strategy is well established as a focus of organizational reality, there is benefit from interrogating its framing in academic research. This study is a mixed-methods, thematic, textual analysis of an author-created corpus comprised of the conclusion sections from the top 50 most-relevant, academic papers identified using the keyword phrase business strategy. This corpus provided a basis for generating insights as to how business strategy has been “concluded” within organizational contexts. Words of merit, bigrams of merit, and AFINN-based sentiment scores were generated in RStudio. Among the results, the words digital, future, and AI, and the bigram phrases digital transformation, digital strategies, and innovative activities, stood out as key topics of strategic focus. Five themes were identified at both the word and bigram level of analysis: a) business strategy, b) research focus, c) organization, d) advancement, and e) competitive edge. A sixth theme, media, was identified at the bigram level. The results suggest a statistically significant, positive sentiment (t (49) = 14.785, p <.001), indicating that strategy scholars don’t just describe their work, but that they frame it positively, and that the framing is patterned, not random. Whereas these results are not the final word on business strategy, they are suggestive of something pragmatically useful for those engaged in the study and application of its theory and praxis.

References

[1]  Abdulwase, R., Ahmed, F., Nasr, F., Abdulwase, A., Alyousofi, A., & Yan, S. (2020). The Role of Business Strategy to Create a Competitive Advantage in the Organization. Open Access Journal of Science, 4, 135-138.
https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00162
[2]  Adenuga, M. A., Akonobi, A. B., Benson, C. E., Essandoh, S., Aifuwa, S. E., Babalola, A. S. et al. (2025). A Theoretical Model for Strategic Market Positioning, Competitive Intelligence, and Brand Perception Analysis. Journal of Frontiers in Multidisciplinary Research, 6, 297-307.
https://doi.org/10.54660/.jfmr.2025.6.2.297-307
[3]  Abu Adi, W., Hiyassat, M., & Lepkova, N. (2021). Business Strategy Development Model for Applying Knowledge Management in Construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 27, 246-259.
https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.14651
[4]  Agustian, K., Pohan, A., Zen, A., Wiwin, W., & Malik, A. J. (2023). Human Resource Management Strategies in Achieving Competitive Advantage in Business Administration. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management (ADMAN), 1, 108-117.
https://doi.org/10.61100/adman.v1i2.53
[5]  Al Najjar, A. S., & Qandeel, M. S. (2025). Operational Strategy, Capabilities, and Successfully Accomplishing Business Strategy. Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering, 6, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2025.20708
[6]  Alvi, A. K., Jabeen, Z., Jawaid, A., & Kaur, P. (2020). Relationship of Career Success and Organizational Performance through the Path of Business Strategy. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 28, 1-33.
[7]  Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate Strategy: An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion. McGraw-Hill.
[8]  Ayanwale, T. O. (2021). Mass Media, Public Sphere and Public Policy: A Textual Analysis of Public Transportation Regulation in Lagos Metropolis. Zaria Journal of Communication, 6, 76-97.
https://zajcom.com.ng/index.php/zajcom/article/view/68
[9]  Babalola, S. S., & Nwanzu, C. L. (2020). Role of Organizational Strategy and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Organizational Effectiveness. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24, 1-15.
[10]  Baden, C., Pipal, C., Schoonvelde, M., & van der Velden, M. A. C. G. (2022). Three Gaps in Computational Text Analysis Methods for Social Sciences: A Research Agenda. Communication Methods and Measures, 16, 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2021.2015574
[11]  Banker, R. D., Huang, R., Li, X., & Yan, Y. (2024). Strategy Typology and Cost Structure: A Textual Analysis Approach. Production and Operations Management, 33, 1285-1305.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478241245144
[12]  Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
[13]  Bederna, Z., Rajnai, Z., & Szadeczky, T. (2021). Business Strategy Analysis of Cybersecurity Incidents. Land Forces Academy Review, 26, 139-148.
https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0020
[14]  Berger, J., Humphreys, A., Ludwig, S., Moe, W. W., Netzer, O., & Schweidel, D. A. (2020). Uniting the Tribes: Using Text for Marketing Insight. Journal of Marketing, 84, 1-25.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919873106
[15]  Bestvater, S. E., & Monroe, B. L. (2023). Sentiment Is Not Stance: Target-Aware Opinion Classification for Political Text Analysis. Political Analysis, 31, 235-256.
https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2022.10
[16]  B??akc?o?lu-Peynirci, N., & Tanyeri, M. (2022). Stakeholder and Resource‐Based Antecedents and Performance Outcomes of Green Export Business Strategy: Insights from an Emerging Economy. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17, 1-46.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-03-2020-0245
[17]  Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009). Natural Language Processing with Python. O’Reilly Media.
[18]  Black, K. (2020). Business Statistics for Contemporary Decision Making (10th ed.). Wiley.
[19]  Blau, A. (2024). Philosophical Analysis. In C. J. Nederman, & G. Bogiaris (Eds.), Research Handbook on the History of Political Thought (pp. 7-18). Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800373808.00009
[20]  Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[21]  Burch, J. M., Jackson, R. A., & Craig, C. I. (2026). AI and Risks of Hiring Bias Due to Gender Imbalances in Historical Data. Voice of the Publisher, 12, 90-112.
https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2026.121007
[22]  Carter, S., Guerin, C., & Aitchison, C. (2020). Writing the Thesis. In S. Carter, C. Guerin, & C. Aitchison (Eds.), Doctoral Writing (pp. 127-176). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1808-9_5
[23]  Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. MIT Press.
[24]  Chasokela, D. (2025). Qualitative Methodologies to Understanding Research. In D. Elomari (Ed.), Qualitative Approaches to Pedagogical Engineering (pp. 321-340). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6021-7.ch013
[25]  Chin, A., & Fan, Y. (2023). Leveraging Text Mining to Extract Insights from Earnings Call Transcripts. Journal of Investment Management, 21, 81-102.
[26]  Clapham, B., Bender, M., Lausen, J., & Gomber, P. (2023). Policy Making in the Financial Industry: A Framework for Regulatory Impact Analysis Using Textual Analysis. Journal of Business Economics, 93, 1463-1514.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-022-01119-3
[27]  Clarkson, P. M., Ponn, J., Richardson, G. D., Rudzicz, F., Tsang, A., & Wang, J. (2020). A Textual Analysis of US Corporate Social Responsibility Reports. Abacus, 56, 3-34.
https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12182
[28]  Climent, R. C., & Haftor, D. M. (2021). Value Creation through the Evolution of Business Model Themes. Journal of Business Research, 122, 353-361.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.007
[29]  Collins, C. J. (2022). Expanding the Resource Based View Model of Strategic Human Resource Management. In R. Takeuchi, Y. Gong, C. Boon, & K. Jiang (Eds.), Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Effectiveness (pp. 107-134). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003344544-5
[30]  Davis, A. K., Piger, J. M., & Sedor, L. M. (2012). Beyond the Numbers: Measuring the Information Content of Earnings Press Release Language. Contemporary Accounting Research, 29, 845-868.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2011.01130.x
[31]  Dawadi, S. (2020). Thematic Analysis Approach: A Step by Step Guide for ELT Research Practitioners. Journal of NELTA, 25, 62-71.
https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v25i1-2.49731
[32]  Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-Methods Research: A Discussion on Its Types, Challenges, and Criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2, 25-36.
https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2.20
[33]  Diermeier, D., Godbout, J., Yu, B., & Kaufmann, S. (2012). Language and Ideology in Congress. British Journal of Political Science, 42, 31-55.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123411000160
[34]  Dion, H., & Evans, M. (2024). Strategic Frameworks for Sustainability and Corporate Governance in Healthcare Facilities; Approaches to Energy-Efficient Hospital Management. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 31, 353-390.
https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2022-0219
[35]  Dragulescu, A. A., & Arndt, C. (2022). xlsx: Read, Write, Format Excel 2007 and Excel 97/2000/XP/2003 Files. R Package Version 0.6.5.9000.
https://colearendt.r-universe.dev/xlsx
[36]  Dvo?ák, J., Tripes, S., Sokolova, M., & Musilova, I. (2022). Trends in Business Strategy Research, Bibliometric Analysis and Text Mining. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23, 1377-1397.
https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2022.18301
[37]  EBSCO Connect (2025). How Is Relevance Ranking Determined in EBSCOhost?
https://connect.ebsco.com/s/article/How-is-relevance-ranking-determined-in-EBSCOhost?language=en_US
[38]  Edwards, M. G. (2021). The Growth Paradox, Sustainable Development, and Business Strategy. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30, 3079-3094.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2790
[39]  Evans, J. A., & Aceves, P. (2016). Machine Translation: Mining Text for Social Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 42, 21-50.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074206
[40]  Farida, I., & Setiawan, D. (2022). Business Strategies and Competitive Advantage: The Role of Performance and Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8, Article 163.
https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030163
[41]  Feinerer, I., & Hornik, K. (2025). tm: Text Mining Package. R Package Version 0.7-17.
https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v025i05
[42]  Feng, Z., Yuan, D., & Zhang, D. (2023). Textual Analysis of Earnings Calls for Predictive Risk Assessment: Evidence from Banking Sector. Journal of Advanced Computing Systems, 3, 90-104.
[43]  Fox, J. M., Jackson, R. A., & Crawford, K. R. (2023). News of Noam: Unpacking Media Coverage of Chomsky. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 9, 318-325.
https://doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2023.9.5.425
[44]  Fuertes, G., Alfaro, M., Vargas, M., Gutierrez, S., Ternero, R., & Sabattin, J. (2020). Conceptual Framework for the Strategic Management: A Literature Review-Descriptive. Journal of Engineering, 2020, Article ID: 6253013.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6253013
[45]  Gentzkow, M., Kelly, B., & Taddy, M. (2019). Text as Data. Journal of Economic Literature, 57, 535-574.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181020
[46]  Georgakalou, M., Kamariotou, M., & Kitsios, F. (2023). Evaluating Leaders’ Strategic Thinking and Entrepreneurial Characteristics Using Semantic Analysis. Businesses, 3, 181-197.
https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses3010013
[47]  Glibert, P. M. (2024). Methods Shape Our Understanding. In P. M. Glibert (Ed.), Phytoplankton Whispering: An Introduction to the Physiology and Ecology of Microalgae (pp. 19-41). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53897-1_2
[48]  Goulart, L. (2024). Variation in University Student Writing: A Communicative Text Type Approach. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5876149
[49]  Gray, R. J. (2022). Discussion and Conclusion. In R. J. Gray (Ed.), Genre Practices, Multimodality and Student Identities (pp. 203-223). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97933-1_8
[50]  Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013). Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts. Political Analysis, 21, 267-297.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps028
[51]  Haselmayer, M. (2017). Sentiment Analysis of Political Communication: Combining a Dictionary Approach with Crowdcoding. Quality & Quantity, 51, 2623-2646.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0412-4
[52]  Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Wan, W. P., & Yiu, D. (1999). Theory and Research in Strategic Management: Swings of a Pendulum. Journal of Management, 25, 417-456.
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500307
[53]  Huang, X., Teoh, S. H., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Tone Management. The Accounting Review, 89, 1083-1113.
https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50684
[54]  Hvitfeldt, E. (2024). Textdata: Download and Load Various Text Datasets. R Package Version 0.4.5.
https://emilhvitfeldt.github.io/textdata/
[55]  Jackson, R. A. (2025). Management Is [Fill in the Blank]: Making Sense of an Ideological Praxis through Textual Analysis. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 15, 315-361.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2025.152016
[56]  Jackson, R. A., & Heath, B. L. (2023a). Small Businesses Can Enhance Strategic Insights by Text Mining Organizational Writings. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 13, 818-840.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2023.138046
[57]  Jackson, R. A., & Heath, B. L. (2023b). An Ideological View of College: A Textual Analysis of Republican Party Platforms from 1948 to 2020. Open Journal of Political Science, 13, 347-368.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2023.134022
[58]  Jackson, R. A., & Heath, B. L. (2024). Ideology & Revolution in The Society of the Spectacle. Open Journal of Philosophy, 14, 904-940.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2024.144061
[59]  Jackson, R. A., Slover, E. M., & Heath, B. L. (2022). Perceptions of Power and Organizational Sentiment: Analysis of One-Word Descriptions. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 12, 130-136.
[60]  Jukka, T. (2023). Does Business Strategy and Management Control System Fit Determine Performance? International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72, 659-678.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-11-2020-0584
[61]  Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2023). Speech and Language Processing (3rd ed., Draft).
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/
[62]  Kajamaa, A., Mattick, K., & de la Croix, A. (2020). How to … Do Mixed‐Methods Research. The Clinical Teacher, 17, 267-271.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13145
[63]  Kaplan, S., & Vakili, K. (2015). The Double‐Edged Sword of Recombination in Breakthrough Innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 1435-1457.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2294
[64]  Kayani, S. A., Abbas, A., & Ekowati, D. (2025). Building a Strategic Framework for Quality Improvement: A Review of Related Research, Management Processes and Lean Methodologies. Cogent Education, 12, Article 2527929.
https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2025.2527929
[65]  Kwak, S. G., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Central Limit Theorem: The Cornerstone of Modern Statistics. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70, 144-156.
https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2017.70.2.144
[66]  Lestari, S. D., Leon, F. M., Widyastuti, S., Brabo, N. A., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2020). Antecedents and Consequences of Innovation and Business Strategy on Performance and Competitive Advantage of SMEs. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7, 365-378.
https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.365
[67]  Li, F. (2010). The Information Content of Forward-Looking Statements in Corporate Filings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49, 53-73.
[68]  Liu, B. (2012). Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. Morgan & Claypool.
[69]  Liu, J., & Xiao, L. (2022). A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Conclusions in Research Articles: Variation across Disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 67, 46-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2022.04.003
[70]  Loughran, T., & Mcdonald, B. (2011). When Is a Liability Not a Liability? Textual Analysis, Dictionaries, and 10‐Ks. The Journal of Finance, 66, 35-65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01625.x
[71]  Malmendier, U., & Tate, G. (2008). Who Makes Acquisitions? CEO Overconfidence and the Market’s Reaction. Journal of Financial Economics, 89, 20-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.07.002
[72]  Marc?o, R., Ribeiro, V., Cruz, P., Farinha, J., & Martinho, F. (2026). Evolving Business Models for Adapting to Management Challenges. In A. Rocha, A. Vaseashta, C. H. Fajardo-Toro, J. M. Riola (Eds.), Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies (pp. 314-324). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10947-7_27
[73]  McKenny, A. F., Short, J. C., & Payne, G. T. (2018). Using Computer-Aided Text Analysis in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods, 21, 146-175.
[74]  Michel, J. B., Shen, Y. K., Aiden, A. P., Veres, A., Gray, M. K., Pickett, J. P., Hoiberg, D., Clancy, D., Norvig, P., Orwant, J., Pinker, S., Nowak, M. A., & Aiden, E. L. (2011). Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science, 331, 176-182.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199644
[75]  Mintzberg, H. (1987). The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy. California Management Review, 30, 11-24.
https://doi.org/10.2307/41165263
[76]  Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. A. (1985). Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 257-272.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250060306
[77]  Nelson, L. K. (2020). Computational Grounded Theory: A Methodological Framework. Sociological Methods & Research, 49, 3-42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729703
[78]  Nielsen, F. ?. (2011). A New ANEW: Evaluation of a Word List for Sentiment Analysis in Microblogs. Proceedings of the ESWC2011 Workshop on ‘Making Sense of Microposts’: Big Things Come in Small Packages (pp. 93-98).
[79]  Onalaja, A. E., & Otokiti, B. O. (2021). The Role of Strategic Brand Positioning in Driving Business Growth and Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation., 2, 835-847.
https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2021.2.1.835-847
[80]  Pang, B., & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis. Foundations and Trends? in Information Retrieval, 2, 1-135.
https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000011
[81]  Peel, K. L. (2020). A Beginner’s Guide to Applied Educational Research Using the-Matic Analysis. Practical Assessment Research and Evaluation, 25, Article 2.
[82]  Pollock, T. G., Rindova, V. P., & Maggitti, P. G. (2012). Market Watch: Information and Availability Cascades among the Media and Investors in the U.S. IPO Market. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 335-358.
https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.31767275
[83]  Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press.
[84]  Porter, M. E. (1996). What Is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74, 61-78.
[85]  Prakash, T. N., & Aloysius, A. (2021). Textual Sentiment Analysis Using Lexicon Based Approaches. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25, 9878-9885.
[86]  Roberts, C. W. (2020). Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts. Routledge.
[87]  Rumelt, R. P., Schendel, D., & Teece, D. J. (1994). Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda. Harvard Business School Press.
[88]  Sabrina, A. A., Gunawan, S. M. M., & Pujiati, H. (2023). Discourse Analysis of a News Text Using Cohesion and Ethnography of Speaking Theories. Stairs, 4, 62-71.
https://doi.org/10.21009/stairs.4.1.6
[89]  Saqib, N. (2021). Positioning—A Literature Review. PSU Research Review, 5, 141-169.
https://doi.org/10.1108/prr-06-2019-0016
[90]  Shaik, A. S., & Dhir, S. (2020). A Meta-Analytical Review of Factors Affecting the Strategic Thinking of an Organization. foresight, 22, 144-177.
https://doi.org/10.1108/fs-08-2019-0076
[91]  Shan, Y. (2022). Philosophical Foundations of Mixed Methods Research. Philosophy Compass, 17, e12804.
https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12804
[92]  Silge, J., & Robinson, D. (2016). Tidytext: Text Mining and Analysis Using Tidy Data Principles in R. The Journal of Open Source Software, 1, Article 37.
https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00037
[93]  Squires, V. (2023). Thematic Analysis. In J. M. Okoko, S. Tunison, K. D. Walker (Eds.), Springer Texts in Education (pp. 463-468). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9_72
[94]  Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509-533.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::aid-smj882>3.0.co;2-z
[95]  Thangavel, P., & Lourdusamy, R. (2023). A Lexicon-Based Approach for Sentiment Analysis of Multimodal Content in Tweets. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82, 24203-24226.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14411-3
[96]  Tirunillai, S., & Tellis, G. J. (2012). Does Chatter Really Matter? Dynamics of User-Generated Content and Stock Performance. Marketing Science, 31, 198-215.
https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1110.0682
[97]  Troyer, K., Jackson, R., Wilson, R., & Besson, L. (2024). Introducing Personality Psychology in Business: Insights & Implications from a Textual Analysis. Open Journal of Business and Management, 12, 1845-1871.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2024.123098
[98]  Utari, P., & Pramana, P. (2025). The Evolution of Communication Theory Over the Past 50 Years: An Analysis of the Multi-Edition Book “Theories of Human Communication” 1978-2021. Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7, 19-32.
[99]  van Atteveldt, W., van der Velden, M. A. C. G., & Boukes, M. (2021). The Validity of Sentiment Analysis: Comparing Manual Annotation, Crowd-Coding, Dictionary Approaches, and Machine Learning Algorithms. Communication Methods and Measures, 15, 121-140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1869198
[100]  Wang, C., Brabenec, T., Gao, P., & Tang, Z. (2021). The Business Strategy, Competitive Advantage and Financial Strategy: A Perspective from Corporate Maturity Mismatched Investment. Journal of Competitiveness, 13, 164-181.
https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.01.10
[101]  Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L., Fran?ois, R. et al. (2019). Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4, Article 1686.
https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
[102]  Wickham, H., & Bryan, M. J. (2025). Readxl: Read Excel Files. R Package Version 1.4.5.
https://readxl.tidyverse.org/
[103]  Wickham, H., (2025). Stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String Operations. R Package Version 1.6.0.
https://stringr.tidyverse.org/
[104]  Wickham, H., Chang, W., & Wickham, M. H. (2016). Package ggplot2’. Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. Version, 2(1), 1-189.
https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/
[105]  Wickham, H., Francois, R., Henry, L., & Müller, K. (2026a). dplyr. A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R Package Version 1.2.0.
https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/
[106]  Wickham, H., Vaughan, D., & Girlich, M. (2026b). tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. R Package Version 1.3.2.
https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/
[107]  Zarenczansky, C., Sabino, M. A. D. C., & Anderson, M. M. D. M. (2024). Alignment between Executive Compensation Strategy and Business Strategy: A Study of Best Practices. Revista de Administra??o da UFSM, 17, e10.
https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465988310
[108]  Zhou, H., & Jiang, F. K. (2023). ‘The Study Has Clear Limitations’: Presentation of Limitations in Conclusion Sections of PhD Dissertations and Research Articles in Applied Linguistics. English for Specific Purposes, 71, 34-47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2023.02.001

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133