We have formulated an investment model that applies a conjugate utilities approach to illustrate that wealth can still grow in transitioning portfolios. We have proved that despite one asset being phased out, a unique solution for the wealth process exists. We have determined an optimal pair
which guarantees a growing total wealth
. We have also shown that high stock volatility is detrimental to the return on investment. The results of this study indicate the possibility of portfolio replication while aligning with sustainable development goals, SDG7 and SDG13.
References
[1]
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Key Aspects of the Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/most-requested/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement
[2]
Glemarec, Y. (2010) Financing the Transition to a Low-Carbon Society. JournalofRenewableandSustainableEnergy, 2, Article ID: 031013. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3459135
[3]
Schoenmaker, D. and Schramade, W. (2019) Principles of Sustainable Finance. Oxford University Press.
[4]
Agârbiceanu, S.M. and Păun, T. (2021) The Need for a Paradigm Shift in Finance: Sustainable Corporate Finance. ManagementofSustainableDevelopment, 13, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.54989/msd-2021-0006
[5]
Balp, G. and Strampelli, G. (2022) Institutional Investor ESG Engagement: The European Experience. EuropeanBusinessOrganizationLawReview, 23, 869-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-022-00266-y
[6]
Quitzow, L., Canzler, W., Grundmann, P., Leibenath, M., Moss, T. and Rave, T. (2016) The German Energiewende—What’s Happening? Introducing the Special Issue. UtilitiesPolicy, 41, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2016.03.002
[7]
International Energy Agency (2024) World Energy Investment 2024. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2024
[8]
Goel, M. (2016) Solar Rooftop in India: Policies, Challenges and Outlook. GreenEnergy&Environment, 1, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2016.08.003
[9]
Government of Denmark. Pioneers in Clean Energy. https://denmark.dk/innovation-and-design/clean-energy
[10]
Enerdata. Global Energy Trends (2021) https://www.enerdata.net/publications/reports-presentations/2021-energy-climate-trends.html
[11]
Chaudhary, Y.C., Bangi, V.K.T., Guduru, R.K., Aung, K. and Reddy, G.N. (2017) Preliminary Investigation on Generation of Electricity Using Micro Wind Turbines Placed on a Car. InternationalJournalofRenewableEnergyDevelopment, 6, 75-81. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.75-81
[12]
Chen, J.M. (2021) The Capital Asset Pricing Model. Encyclopedia, 1, 915-933. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030070
[13]
Feng, W., Bilivogui, P., Wu, J. and Mu, X. (2023) Green Finance: Current Status, Development, and Future Course of Actions in China. EnvironmentalResearchCommunications, 5, Article ID: 035005. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/acc1c7
[14]
Alamgir, M. and Cheng, M.-C. (2023) Do Green Bonds Play a Role in Achieving Sustainability? Sustainability, 15, Article No. 10177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310177
[15]
Tan, X., Dong, H., Liu, Y., Su, X. and Li, Z. (2022) Green Bonds and Corporate Performance: A Potential Way to Achieve Green Recovery. RenewableEnergy, 200, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.109
[16]
Ben Ameur, H., Ftiti, Z., Louhichi, W. and Yousfi, M. (2024) Do Green Investments Improve Portfolio Diversification? Evidence from Mean Conditional Value-at-Risk Optimization. InternationalReviewofFinancialAnalysis, 94, Article ID: 103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103255
[17]
Gao, H.O. and Stasko, T.H. (2009) Diversification in the Driveway: Mean-Variance Optimization for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction from the Next Generation of Vehicles. EnergyPolicy, 37, 5019-5027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.067
[18]
Zhao, W.-H., Shi, Q.-S. and Dai, Q. (2009) Optimization Models for Renewable Generating Technologies Portfolio. 2009 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, Moscow, 14-16 September 2009, 1836-1842. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2009.5317711
[19]
Pinheiro Neto, D., Domingues, E.G., Coimbra, A.P., de Almeida, A.T., Alves, A.J. and Calixto, W.P. (2017) Portfolio Optimization of Renewable Energy Assets: Hydro, Wind, and Photovoltaic Energy in the Regulated Market in Brazil. EnergyEconomics, 64, 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.020
[20]
United Nations (2015) The 17 Sustainable Development Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
[21]
Duffie, D., Fleming, W., Soner, H.M. and Zariphopoulou, T. (1997) Hedging in Incomplete Markets with HARA Utility. JournalofEconomicDynamicsandControl, 21, 753-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1889(97)00002-x
[22]
Øksendal, B. (2003) The Itô Formula and the Martingale Representation Theorem. In: Øksendal, B., Ed., Stochastic Differential Equations: An Introduction with Applications, Springer, 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14394-6_4
[23]
Kramkov, D. and Schachermayer, W. (1999) The Asymptotic Elasticity of Utility Functions and Optimal Investment in Incomplete Markets. TheAnnalsofAppliedProbability, 9, 904-950. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoap/1029962818
[24]
Kwak, M. and Lim, B.H. (2014) Optimal Portfolio Selection with Life Insurance under Inflation Risk. JournalofBanking&Finance, 46, 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.04.019