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Journal of Environmental Protection 2026

Runoff Water Quality Assessment from Furrow-Irrigated Rice Treated with Poultry Litter

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2026.173009, PP. 178-208

Diego Della Lunga, Eric Simon, Mike Daniels, Kris Brye, Lee Riley, James Burke, Jace Clark

Keywords: Land Leveling, Soil Erosion, Nutrient Budgets

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Abstract:

Poultry litter (PL) has been suggested as a soil amendment to enhance soil fertility and general soil health in intensively cultivated agroecosystems. However, continuous annual land application of PL can lead to excess nutrients that may run off and contaminate local water bodies. The impact of PL on nutrient runoff in furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) systems in Arkansas is currently understudied. The objectives of this study were i) to assess trends and magnitude of nutrient concentrations and loads [i.e., nitrate ( ${NO}_{3}^{？}$ ) and nitrite ( ${NO}_{2}^{？}$ ), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), soluble-reactive phosphorus (SRP), potassium (K), total suspended solids (TSS), and sulfate ( ${SO}_{4}^{2 ？}$ )] in runoff water, ii) to determine the relationship between nutrient runoff and rainfall events, and iii) to evaluate nutrient budgets (i.e., P and K) for a previously land-leveled, furrow-irrigated rice system in northeast Arkansas between 2022 and 2024. The numeric peak ${NO}_{3}^{？}$ + ${NO}_{2}^{？}$ (6.9 mg？L^？¹) and TN (22.9 mg？L^？¹) runoff concentrations occurred on 13 June 2022; the numeric peak ${SO}_{4}^{2 ？}$ (39 mg？L^？¹) runoff concentration occurred on 12 June 2023; and the numeric peak SRP (3.5 mg？L^？¹), TP (4.3 mg？L^？¹), and K (36

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