云南龙陵县入河排污口排查溯源与水环境治理策略研究
Investigation and Source Tracing of River Discharge Outfalls and Water Environment Management Strategies in Longling County, Yunnan Province

入河排污口是陆域污染物进入水体的关键节点，其精细化管理是流域水环境系统治理的核心环节。本研究以云南省保山市龙陵县为对象，基于2023~2024年度入河排污口排查与溯源工作成果，系统分析了怒江、瑞丽江干流及城市建成区水体的排污口结构特征、污染来源与空间分布规律。研究共识别出入河排污口587个，其中以自然冲沟、农田退水口等面源型排口占主导(占比达97.96%)，表明区域水污染输入结构已由传统点源为主转向“面源污染绝对主导”的新阶段。水质监测结果显示，32个排口存在超标现象，空间上高度集中于城市建成区水体及怒江碧寨乡段，超标因子主要为化学需氧量、氨氮与总磷。通过“资料–人工–技术”三级溯源分析，超标排口的污染来源呈现高度复合化特征，主要形成“乡村复合面源”与“城镇雨污混流”两类典型污染链。基于上述发现，本文提出以“流域统筹、三端协同”为核心的系统治理策略，涵盖源头管控、过程拦截与末端修复的全链条措施，并建议构建智慧监管平台与多元共治格局，以期为西南山地县域的水环境精细化治理提供科学依据与实践路径。
River discharge outfalls are critical nodes for land-based pollutants entering water bodies, and their refined management is a core component of watershed water environment system governance. This study focuses on Longling County, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, and is based on the results of the 2023~2024 river discharge outfall investigation and source tracing work. It systematically analyzes the structural characteristics, pollution sources, and spatial distribution patterns of discharge outfalls in the main streams of the Nujiang and Ruili Rivers and urban built-up areas. A total of 587 river discharge outfalls were identified, with diffuse sources such as natural gullies and agricultural drainage outlets dominating (accounting for 97.96%), indicating that the regional water pollution input structure has shifted from traditional point sources to a new stage of “absolute dominance of diffuse pollution.” Water quality monitoring results showed that 32 outfalls exceeded standards, spatially concentrated in urban built-up areas and the Bizhai Township section of the Nujiang River. The main exceeding factors were chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Through a three-level source tracing analysis using “data-manual-technology,” the pollution sources of the exceeding outfalls showed highly complex characteristics, mainly forming two typical pollution chains: “rural composite diffuse sources” and “urban mixed sewage and rainwater.” Based on these findings, this paper proposes a systematic governance strategy centered on “watershed coordination and three-end collaboration,” encompassing full-chain measures of source control, process interception, and end-of-pipe remediation. It also suggests building a smart monitoring platform and a multi-stakeholder co-governance framework to provide scientific basis and practical pathways for refined water environment