This work explores the connection between the Coupled-Fields (CF) model and gravitation, proposing a unified interpretation in which spacetime curvature arises from gradients in field coupling energy rather than from mass-energy alone. The tension and exchange dynamics of the two real fields produce local distortions equivalent to gravitational curvature, suggesting that gravity is a macroscopic manifestation of the same underlying field interactions that govern quantum behavior. By formulating the CF Lagrangian in curved spacetime, the model naturally incorporates general-relativistic effects while preserving determinism. The analysis shows that Planck’s constant and Newton’s constant G may both originate from the same internal field structure, linking quantum and gravitational scales through the coupling constant
. We conclude, that a quantum theory of gravitation can emerge without quantizing spacetime itself—gravity instead reflects coherent variations in coupled-field energy density. This approach provides a physically grounded route toward unification, bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity within one continuous real-field ontology.
References
[1]
Kwiat, D. (2018) The Schrödinger Equation and Asymptotic Strings. International Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 8, 71-77.
[2]
Kwiat, D. (2024) Elementary Fermions: Strings, Planck Constant, Preons and Hypergluons. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 82-100. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101008
[3]
Kwiat, D. (2022) Planck’s Constant—A Result of Two Strings Coupling. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 8, 919-926.
[4]
Kwiat, D. (2024) Fermions: Spin, Hidden Variables, Violation of Bell’s Inequality and Quantum Entanglement. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 1613-1627. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.104090
[5]
Kwiat, D. (2025) Entanglement Explained by Hidden Variables: A Deterministic Coupled-Field Model Realizing Einstein’s Vision. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 12, 276-302. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2026.121018
[6]
Kwiat, D. (2025) New Concepts in Quantum Mechanics: Exploring Fermions, Spin and Entanglement. Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 114 p.
[7]
Kwiat, D. (2025) Electric Charge as a Noether Current in the Coupled-Strings Framework. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology Manuscript in Preparation.
[8]
Kwiat, D. (2022) Gravitation, Density, Black Holes and Spatial Quantization. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 8, 990-1011. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2022.84070
[9]
Kwiat, D. (2024) Gravitation, Density Upper Limit and Quantization of Space. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 10, 534-545. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2024.102033
[10]
Planck, M. (1901) On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik, 4, 553-563. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19013090310
[11]
Schrödinger, E. (1926) An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules. Physical Review, 28, 1049-1070. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.28.1049
[12]
Dirac, P.A.M. (1928) The Quantum Theory of the Electron. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 117, 610-624. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1928.0023
[13]
(2025) New Concepts in Quantum Mechanics: Exploring Fermions, Spin and Entanglement. Scientific Research Publishing, 114. https://www.scirp.org/book/detailedinforofabook?bookid=3154
‘t Hooft, G. (2007) The Mathematical Basis for Deterministic Quantum Mechanics. Beyond the Quantum, Leiden, 29 May-2 June 2006, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812771186_0001
[16]
‘t Hooft, G. (2020) Deterministic Quantum Mechanics: The Mathematical Equations. Frontiers in Physics, 8, Article ID: 253. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.00253
[17]
Steiner, R. (2012) History and Progress on Accurate Measurements of the Planck Constant. Reports on Progress in Physics, 76, Article 016101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/76/1/016101
[18]
Lipovka, A. (2014) Planck Constant as Adiabatic Invariant Characterized by Hubble’s and Cosmological Constants. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 61-71. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.25009
[19]
Bruchholz, U.E. (2009) Derivation of Planck’s Constant from Maxwell’s Electrodynamics. Progress in Physics, 4, 67.
[20]
Chang, D.C. (2017) Physical Interpretation of Planck’s Constant Based on the Maxwell Theory. Chinese Physics B, 26, Article 040301. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/4/040301
[21]
Mukhi, S. (2011) String Theory: A Perspective over the Last 25 Years. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 28, Article 153001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/28/15/153001
[22]
Dine, M. (2015) Supersymmetry and String Theory. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107261426
[23]
Wesson, P. (1980) The Application of Dimensional Analysis to Cosmology. Space Science Reviews, 27, 109-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00212237
[24]
Navas, S., Amsler, C., Gutsche, T., et al. (2024) Review of Particle Physics. Physical Review D, 110, Article 030001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001
[25]
Duff, M., Nilsson, B.E.W. and Pope, C.N. (1986) Kaluza-Klein Supergravity. Physics Reports, 130, 1-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(86)90163-8
[26]
Pati, J.C. (1981) Preons and the Origin of Families. Physics Reports, 66, 217-313.
[27]
Reifler, F. and Morris, R. (2003) Measuring a Kaluza-Klein Radius Smaller than the Planck Length. Physical Review D, 67, Article 064006. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.67.064006
[28]
Harari, H. (1979) A Schematic Model of Quarks and Leptons. Physics Letters B, 86, 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(79)90626-9
D’Souza, I.A. (1992) Preons: Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814354769
[31]
Pati, J.C. and Salam, A. (1974) Lepton Number as the Fourth “Color”. Physical Review D, 10, 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.10.275
[32]
Bars, I. and Yankielowicz, S. (1981) Composite Quarks and Leptons as Solutions of Anomaly Constraints. Physics Letters B, 101, 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(81)90664-x
[33]
Poh, H.S., Joshi, S.K., Cerè, A., Cabello, A. and Kurtsiefer, C. (2015) Approaching Tsirelson’s Bound in a Photon Pair Experiment. Physical Review Letters, 115, Article 180408. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.115.180408
[34]
Clauser, J.F., Horne, M.A., Shimony, A. and Holt, R.A. (1969) Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories. Physical Review Letters, 23, 880-884. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.23.880
[35]
Aspect, A., Dalibard, J. and Roger, G. (1982) Experimental Test of Bell’s Inequalities Using Time-Varying Analyzers. Physical Review Letters, 49, 1804-1807. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.49.1804
[36]
Eberhard, P.H. (1993) Background Level and Counter Efficiencies Required for a Loophole-Free Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment. Physical Review A, 47, R747-R750. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.47.r747
[37]
Freedman, S.J. and Clauser, J.F. (1972) Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories. Physical Review Letters, 28, 938-941. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.28.938
[38]
Rowe, M.A., Kielpinski, D., Meyer, V., Sackett, C.A., Itano, W.M., Monroe, C., et al. (2001) Experimental Violation of a Bell’s Inequality with Efficient Detection. Nature, 409, 791-794. https://doi.org/10.1038/35057215
[39]
Christensen, B.G., McCusker, K.T., Altepeter, J.B., Calkins, B., Gerrits, T., Lita, A.E., et al. (2013) Detection-Loophole-Free Test of Quantum Nonlocality, and Applications. Physical Review Letters, 111, Article 130406. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.111.130406
[40]
Giustina, M., Versteegh, M.A.M., Wengerowsky, S., Handsteiner, J., Hochrainer, A., Phelan, K., et al. (2015) Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell’s Theorem with Entangled Photons. Physical Review Letters, 115, Article 250401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.115.250401
[41]
Shalm, L.K., Meyer-Scott, E., Christensen, B.G., et al. (2015) Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism. Physical Review Letters, 115, Article 250402. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.250402
[42]
Beyer, A., Maisenbacher, L., Matveev, A., Pohl, R., Khabarova, K., Grinin, A., et al. (2017) The Rydberg Constant and Proton Size from Atomic Hydrogen. Science, 358, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6677
[43]
Hanneke, D., Fogwell, S. and Gabrielse, G. (2008) New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant. Physical Review Letters, 100, Article 120801. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.120801
[44]
Handsteiner, J., Friedman, A.S., Rauch, D., Gallicchio, J., Liu, B., Hosp, H., et al. (2017) Cosmic Bell Test: Measurement Settings from Milky Way Stars. Physical Review Letters, 118, Article 060401. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.118.060401
[45]
Rauch, D., Handsteiner, J., Hochrainer, A., Gallicchio, J., Friedman, A.S., Leung, C., et al. (2018) Cosmic Bell Test Using Random Measurement Settings from High-Redshift Quasars. Physical Review Letters, 121, Article 080403. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.080403
[46]
The BIG Bell Test Collaboration (2018) Challenging Local Realism with Human Choices. Nature, 557, 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0085-3
[47]
Parthey, C.G., et al. (2011) Improved Measurement of the Hydrogen 1S-2S Transition Frequency. Physical Review Letters, 107, Article 203001.
[48]
de-Picciotto, R., Reznikov, M., Heiblum, M., Umansky, V., Bunin, G. and Mahalu, D. (1997) Direct Observation of a Fractional Charge. Nature, 389, 162-164. https://doi.org/10.1038/38241
[49]
Kochen, S. and Specker, E.P. (1990) The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics. In: Jäger, G., Läuchli, H., Scarpellini, B. and Strassen, V., Eds., Ernst Specker Selecta, Birkhäuser Basel, 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9259-9_21
[50]
Fukuda, Y., Hayakawa, T., Ichihara, E., et al. (1998) Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos. Physical Review Letters, 81, 1562-1567. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1562
[51]
Ahmad, Q.R., Allen, R.C., Andersen, T.C., et al. (2002) Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. Physical Review Letters, 89, Article 011301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.011301
[52]
Freedman, D.Z. (1974) Coherent Effects of a Weak Neutral Current. Physical Review D, 9, 1389-1392. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.9.1389
[53]
Bardeen, J.M. (1968) Non-Singular General-Relativistic Gravitational Collapse. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Gravitation and the Theory of Relativity.
[54]
Dymnikova, I. (2002) The Cosmological Term as a Source of Mass. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 19, 725-739. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/4/306
[55]
Bronnikov, K.A. (2001) Regular Magnetic Black Holes and Monopoles from Nonlinear Electrodynamics. Physical Review D, 63, Article 044005. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.63.044005
[56]
Hayward, S.A. (2006) Formation and Evaporation of Nonsingular Black Holes. Physical Review Letters, 96, Article 031103. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.96.031103
[57]
Rovelli, C. and Smolin, L. (1998) Loop Quantum Gravity and the Problem of Spacetime Singularities. Physical Review D, 57, 971-986.
[58]
Ashtekar, A. (2006) Gravity and the Quantum. New Journal of Physics, 8, Article 5.
[59]
Reuter, M. (1998) Nonperturbative Evolution Equation for Quantum Gravity. Physical Review D, 57, 971-985. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.57.971
[60]
Mazur, P.O. and Mottola, E. (2004) Gravitational Vacuum Condensate Stars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 9545-9550. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402717101
[61]
Ayón-Beato, E. and García, A. (1998) Regular Black Hole in General Relativity Coupled to Nonlinear Electrodynamics. Physical Review Letters, 80, 5056-5059. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.5056
[62]
Misner, C.W., Thorne, K.S. and Wheeler, J.A. (1973) Gravitation (Section 31.4-Reissner-Nordström Metric). W.H. Freeman.