We will demonstrate that the photon energy density parameter
of the universe can be derived exactly within the
cosmology. We find that it must be precisely:
, which lies well within the 95% confidence interval for the photon radiation density reported by the Particle Data Group (PDG). This exact result implies that there is no uncertainty in the radiation density—at least within certain subclasses of the
cosmology—and that such a model is consistent with observations. Furthermore, in the standard model, the number density of CMB photons cannot be predicted from the Hubble parameter, but only from the CMB temperature. For the first time, we derive a new equation for the number density of CMB photons that allows prediction based solely on the Hubble parameter and the Planck length. This leads to a predicted number density of CMB photons equal to
photons per cm3, which is remarkably close to the value reported by the PDG when we use the
value recently proposed by Haug and Tatum,
km/s/Mpc. However, when using the value
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