Superabsorbent hydrogels are hydrophilic materials forming three-dimensional polymer networks capable of absorbing large amounts of water. They are utilized in various fields, though most current types are non-biodegradable and costly to produce. This research explored a more sustainable approach by synthesizing superabsorbent hydrogels from activated hydrochar derived from sugarcane bagasse, using acidified potassium manganate for activation and sucrose for polymerization. Maleic acid was employed to create crosslinked structures, optimizing swelling capacity through varying conditions. Characterization through FT-IR confirmed successful crosslinkage. XRD analysis showed the amorphous nature of hydrochar and AH as compared to the increased crystallinity exhibited by AHSU polymer units and SAH superabsorbent hydrogel. SEM analysis revealed that the superabsorbent hydrogel had compact permeable surface network structures. The optimal synthesis ratio was found to yield a swelling capacity of 778% within 12 hours, highlighting the potential of these biocompatible hydrogels for agricultural applications in semi-arid and arid regions.
References
[1]
Karoyo, A.H. and Wilson, L.D. (2021) A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels. Materials, 14, Article 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051095
[2]
Kasimu, T.M., Mbuvi, H.M. and Maingi, F.M. (2024) Green Superabsorbent Hydrogel Derived from Activated Charcoal and Glycerol with Maleic Acid as a Cross-linker. JournalofExperimentalSciences, 15, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.25081/jes.2024.v15.8767
[3]
Tan, H. and Marra, K.G. (2010) Injectable, Biodegradable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials, 3, 1746-1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3031746
[4]
Behera, S. and Mahanwar, P.A. (2019) Superabsorbent Polymers in Agriculture and Other Applications: A Review. Polymer-PlasticsTechnologyandMaterials, 59, 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2019.1647239
[5]
Anah, L. and Astrini, N. (2015) Hydrogel Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) Crosslinking Agent Water-Soluble Carbodiimide (WSC). Journal Cellulose, 5, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v5i01.73
[6]
Isahak, W.N.R.W., Hisham, M.W.M. and Yarmo, M.A. (2012) Highly Porous Carbon Materials from Biomass by Chemical and Carbonization Method: A Comparison Study. JournalofChemistry, 2013, Article ID: 620346. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/620346
[7]
Yahya, M.A., Mansor, M.H., Zolkarnaini, W.A.A.W., Rusli, N.S., Aminuddin, A., Mohamad, K., et al. (2018) A Brief Review on Activated Carbon Derived from Agriculture By-Product. AIPConferenceProceedings, 1972, Article 030023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041244
[8]
Khodami, S., Kaniewska, K., Karbarz, M. and Stojek, Z. (2023) Antioxidant Ability and Increased Mechanical Stability of Hydrogel Nanocomposites Based on N-Isopropylacrylamide Crosslinked with Laponite and Modified with Polydopamine. EuropeanPolymerJournal, 187, Article 111876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111876
[9]
Kulkarni, R.V., Mutalik, S., Mangond, B.S. and Nayak, U.Y. (2012) Novel Interpenetrated Polymer Network Microbeads of Natural Polysaccharides for Modified Release of Water Soluble Drug: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation. JournalofPharmacyandPharmacology, 64, 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01433.x
[10]
Damiri, F., Bachra, Y. and Berrada, M. (2022) Synthesis and Characterization of 4-Formylphenylboronic Acid Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogel with Dual Action: Glucose-Sensitivity and Controlled Insulin Release. ChineseJournalofAnalyticalChemistry, 50, Article 100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100092
[11]
Khan, S. and Ranjha, N.M. (2014) Effect of Degree of Cross-Linking on Swelling and on Drug Release of Low Viscous Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogels. PolymerBulletin, 71, 2133-2158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-014-1178-2
[12]
Prasannamedha, G., Kumar, P.S., Mehala, R., Sharumitha, T.J. and Surendhar, D. (2021) Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Sulfamethoxazole from Water Using Biochar Derived from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sugarcane Bagasse. JournalofHazardousMaterials, 407, Article 124825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124825
[13]
Cheng, X.Y., Li, X.J., Xu, K., Huang, Q.T., Sun, H.N. and Wu, Y.Q. (2017) Effect of Thermal Treatment on Functional Groups and Degree of Cellulose Crystallinity of Eucalyptus Wood (Eucalyptus Grandis × Eucalyptus Urophylla). ForestProductsJournal, 67, 135-140. https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-15-00075
[14]
Isaac, A., de Paula, J., Viana, C.M., Henriques, A.B., Malachias, A. and Montoro, L.A. (2018) From Nano-to Micrometer Scale: The Role of Microwave-Assisted Acid and Alkali Pretreatments in the Sugarcane Biomass Structure. BiotechnologyforBiofuels, 11, Article No. 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1071-6
[15]
Moreno-Tovar, R., Terrés, E. and Rangel-Mendez, J.R. (2014) Oxidation and EDX Elemental Mapping Characterization of an Ordered Mesoporous Carbon: Pb(II) and Cd(II) Removal. AppliedSurfaceScience, 303, 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.03.008
[16]
Gurten, I.I., Ozmak, M., Yagmur, E. and Aktas, Z. (2012) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Tea Using K2CO3. BiomassandBioenergy, 37, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.030
[17]
Thu, M., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M. and Yokoyama, S. (2010) Effects of Supplementation of Dietary Bamboo Charcoal on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Japanese Flounder, Paralichthysolivaceus. JournaloftheWorldAquacultureSociety, 41, 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00365.x
[18]
Feng, J., Li, W. and Xie, K. (2023) Research on Coal Structure Using FT-IR. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 31, 362-366.
[19]
Hebeish, A., Aly, A., El-Shafei, A. and Zaghloul, S. (2009) Synthesis and Characterization of Cat Ionized Starches for Application in Flocculation, Finishing and Sizing. EgyptianJournalofChemistry, 52, 73-89.
[20]
Smith, B.C. (2018) The C = O Bond, Part VI: Esters and the Rule of Three. Spectroscopy, 33, 20-23.
[21]
Ghorpade, V.S., Yadav, A.V. and Dias, R.J. (2016) Citric Acid Crosslinked Cyclodextrin/Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Hydrogel FILMS for hydrophobic Drug Delivery. InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules, 93, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.072
[22]
Demitri, C., Del Sole, R., Scalera, F., Sannino, A., Vasapollo, G., Maffezzoli, A., et al. (2008) Novel Superabsorbent Cellulose‐based Hydrogels Crosslinked with Citric Acid. JournalofAppliedPolymerScience, 110, 2453-2460. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28660
[23]
Hanum, F., Bani, O. and Wirani, L.I. (2017) Characterization of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk by HCL Activation and Its Application for Lead (Pb) Removal in Car Battery Wastewater. IOPConferenceSeries: MaterialsScienceandEngineering, 180, Article 012151. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/180/1/012151
[24]
Rahman, M.S., Islam, M.M., Islam, M.S., Zaman, A., Ahmed, T., Biswas, S., et al. (2019) Morphological Characterization of Hydrogels. In: Mondal, M., Ed., PolymersandPolymericComposites: AReferenceSeries, Springer International Publishing, 819-863. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_28
[25]
Pradhan, S. (2011) Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Produced from A Suitable Industrial Sludge. A Project Report, NIT Rourkela.
[26]
Yang, Z., Xu, S., Ma, X. and Wang, S. (2008) Characterization and Acetylation Behavior of Bamboo Pulp. WoodScienceandTechnology, 42, 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0194-5
[27]
Naohara, R., Narita, K. and Ikeda-Fukazawa, T. (2017) Change in Hydrogen Bonding Structures of a Hydrogel with Dehydration. ChemicalPhysicsLetters, 670, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.006
[28]
Mudgil, D., Barak, S. and Khatkar, B.S. (2012) X-Ray Diffraction, IR Spectroscopy and Thermal Characterization of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum. InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules, 50, 1035-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.031
[29]
Wei, P., Chen, W., Song, Q., Wu, Y. and Xu, Y. (2021) Superabsorbent Hydrogels Enhanced by Quaternized Tunicate Cellulose Nanocrystals with Adjustable Strength and Swelling Ratio. Cellulose, 28, 3723-3732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03776-z
[30]
Das, D., Prakash, P., Rout, P.K. and Bhaladhare, S. (2020) Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Cellulose‐Based Hydrogel for Agriculture Application. Starch-Stärke, 73, Article 1900284. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201900284
[31]
Costa, P. and Sousa Lobo, J.M. (2001) Modeling and Comparison of Dissolution Profiles. EuropeanJournalofPharmaceuticalSciences, 13, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00095-1
[32]
Mishra, A. and Malhotra, A.V. (2009) Tamarind Xyloglucan: A Polysaccharide with Versatile Application Potential. JournalofMaterialsChemistry, 19, Article 8528. https://doi.org/10.1039/b911150f
[33]
Rimdusit, S., Somsaeng, K., Kewsuwan, P., Jubsilp, C. and Tiptipakorn, S. (2012) Comparison of Gamma Radiation Crosslinking and Chemical Crosslinking on Properties of Methylcellulose Hydrogel. EngineeringJournal, 16, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2012.16.4.15
