This article reviews the relationship between weight-loss surgery and the remission of type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery, particularly Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), and One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB), has been proven to have significant effects on improving blood glucose control and reducing body weight. These surgeries effectively alleviate diabetes through mechanisms such as altering intestinal hormone secretion, improving insulin sensitivity, enhancing hepatic lipid metabolism, modifying the structure of the gastrointestinal microbiota, and the rapid adaptation of the neuroendocrine system. Analysis of post-surgical metabolic changes and mechanisms shows that improved insulin sensitivity, altered gut hormones, enhanced hepatic lipid metabolism, and restructuring of the gastrointestinal microbiota are key to diabetes remission. However, post-surgical patients may also face complications such as malnutrition, hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal issues, mental health problems, and osteoporosis, which require personalized and multidisciplinary collaborative management. Additionally, the combined use of medications like GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) receptor agonists and SGLT-2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2) inhibitors with surgery provides more flexible and effective treatment options for diabetic patients. Despite existing challenges, with the development of personalized protocols and new medications, the combination of drugs and surgery will have broad application prospects in the future.
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