Print media are the foundation and backbone of all forms of media worldwide. However, this pivotal sector, which underpins journalism practice in Cameroon, currently faces profound existential challenges. In an era marked by rapid proliferation of social media, declining advertising revenues, rising production costs, dwindling sales, a weak reading culture, and swift dissemination of information, the print media industry in Cameroon finds itself at a critical juncture. If the print media slips into a precipice in Cameroon, it would not only be detrimental to journalism practice, but also to the polity, since print media are beacons of professional journalism, expose corruption through the watchdog role, promote democracy, accountability, public discourse, and serve as reliable sources of historical development. This study, thus, explores how ownership patterns, regulation and funding shape journalistic practice in Cameroon’s print sector. Using eight in-depth interviews with publishers from major urban centres, the authors apply political economy theory and thematic analysis to extract five recurring impacts: bias, weakened outlets, praise-singing, unequal access to information and ethical compromise. Results indicate that lax entry rules and state leverage over advertising encourage “Alleluia Journalism” while eroding credibility. The authors call for stricter licensing, an information access law and decriminalisation of press offences.
References
[1]
Angelucci, C., & Cagé, J. (2019). Newspapers in Times of Low Advertising Revenues. AmericanEconomicJournal:Microeconomics,11, 319-364. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170306
[2]
Ateh, A. (2021). The Impact of Digital Media on Journalism Ethics in Cameroon. AfricanJournalofCommunication,5, 100-115.
[3]
Awasom, N. (2019). Public Funding and the Independence of State-Owned Media in Cameroon. JournalofAfricanMediaStudies,11, 255-270.
[4]
Baché, M. (2020). Beyond Censorship: The Challenges and Opportunities for the National Communication Council. Communication&Society,33, 137-153.
[5]
Baker, C. E. (2006). MediaConcentrationandDemocracy: Why Ownership Matters. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511810992
[6]
Bourdon-Higbee, H. C. (1975). Cameroonian News Media. University of Montane.
[7]
Bourgault, L. M. (1995). MassMediainSub-SaharanAfrica. Indiana University Press.
[8]
Buh, C. (2021). Challenges in Journalism Training: The Case of Cameroon. JournalofMediaPractice,22, 45-60.
[9]
Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) (2022). An Overview of Media Consumption Trends inCameroon. CDC.
[10]
CENAP (2023). Cameroon Media Landscape Report. Centre d’Etudes de la Presse.
[11]
Chandra, A., & Kaiser, U. (2015). Newspapers and Magazines. In HandbookofMediaEconomics (pp. 397-444). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-62721-6.00009-3
[12]
Chumbow, B. S. (2012). The Challenge of Linguistic Diversity and Pluralism: The Tier Stratification Model of Language Planning in a Multilingual Setting. In A. Lopez (Ed.), Social Sciences and Cultural Studies—Issuesof Language, Public Opinion, Educationand Welfare (pp. 325-46). Intech Open.
[13]
Churchill, E. M. (1992). The Right to Inform and the 1990 Press Law in Cameroon. Africa Media Review, 6, 19-29.
[14]
Chyi, H. I., & Tenenboim, O. (2019). Charging More and Wondering Why Readership Declined? A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Newspapers’ Price Hikes, 2008-2016. JournalismStudies,20, 2113-2129. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2019.1568903
[15]
Committee to Protect Journalists (2020). AttacksonthePress:Cameroon’sMediaLandscape. CPJ.
[16]
Communication and Media Research Institute (CMRI) (2023). DigitalMediaConsumption among YoungCameroonians:ASurvey. CRMI.
[17]
Danesi, M. (2009). DictionaryofMediaandCommunications. Sharpe, Inc.
[18]
Dragomir, M. (2018). Control the Money, Control the Media: How Government Uses Funding to Keep Media in Line. Journalism,19, 1131-1148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917724621
[19]
Dze-Ngwa, W. (2015). The First World War and Its Aftermath in Cameroon: A historical Evaluation of a Centenary, 1914-2014. InternationalJournalofLiberalArtsandSocialScience,3, 78-90.
[20]
Ebeze, V. (2007). Unpublished Lecture Notes. NAU.
[21]
Endong, F. P. C. (2019). Media Regulation and Freedom of Expression in Black Africa: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and Cameroon. In JournalismandEthics: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 228-249). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8359-2.ch015
[22]
Ewumbue-Monono, C. (1992). The Right to Inform and the 1990 Press Law in Cameroon. AfricaMediaReview,6, 19-29.
[23]
Fanso, V. G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schoolsand Colleges:The Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods (Vol. 2). Macmillan.
[24]
Fleming, C. (2005). An Introduction to Journalism. Sage.
[25]
Fominyen, N. (2021). The High Costs of Print Media Operations in Cameroon: An Analysis of the Economic Environment. JournalofMediaEconomics,34, 98-113.
[26]
Fonkoua, M. (2019). Economic Constraints and Journalistic Integrity in Cameroon. CommunicationsJournal,30, 215-230.
[27]
Forcha, D. E., & Ngange, K. L. (2022). Beyond Public and Private Ownership: Analysis of Media Ownership Patterns in Cameroon and Implications on Journalists’ Professional Aptitude. AdvancesinJournalismandCommunication,10, 307-335. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajc.2022.103019
[28]
Franklin, B. (2014). The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty. JournalismStudies,15, 481-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2014.930254
[29]
Gallagher, D. (1991). Publicand Private Press inCameroon:Changing Roles inthe New Pluralism. https://www.lightningfield.com/cameroon/contents.html
[30]
Hanitzsch, T. (2019). The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Routledge.
[31]
Human Rights Watch (2020). The Price of Investigating Corruption: Targeting JournalistsinCameroon. HRW.
[32]
International Federation of Journalists (2020). Defending Journalists’ Rights inCameroon. IFJ.
[33]
International Press Institute (IPI) (2020). The State of Print Media inAfrica:Challengesand Opportunities. IPI.
[34]
Jiang, D. (2023). Factors Affecting the Sales of Newspapers and Magazines Based on Concise Catalog. JournalofInformationProcessingSystems,19, 498-512.
[35]
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2001). Elementsof Journalism:What News People Should Know andthe Public Should Expect. Three Rivers Press.
[36]
Madhav, T. (2008). Media: Whose Piper, Whose Tune. http://www.merinews.com
[37]
Makwen, M. A. (2022). Journalism in Cameroon: A Brief History and Phases. TAM Akademi Dergisi, 1, 71-85. https://doi.org/10.58239/tamde.2022.01.005.x
[38]
Marx, K. (1971). FrederickEngels:AManifestooftheCommunistParty,33.
[39]
Mbah, W. (2021). Political Polarization and Media Bias in Cameroon. CameroonianJournalofSocialSciences,12, 33-49.
[40]
Mbaku, J. M., & Takougang, J. (2004). TheLeadershipChallengeinAfrica:CameroonunderPaulBiya. Africa World Press.
[41]
Mboukou, P. (2019). Political Influence on the National Communication Council: A Barrier to Media Independence in Cameroon. AfricanJournalofMediaStudies,9, 105-120.
[42]
Mendong, V. (2022). Media Suppression during the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon. AfricanJournalismStudies,43, 145-160.
[43]
Mosco, V. (1996). The Political Economyof Communication: Rethinkingand Renewal. Sage.
[44]
Muluh, H. Z. (2017). Patterns of Ownership and Location of Radio Stations in Cameroon. an Empirical Analysis. InternationalJournalofCommunicationandMediaScience,4, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.14445/2349641x/ijcms-v4i6p101
[45]
Muluh, M. C. (2012). Affirmative Action PolicyinHigherEducation:Impactand Perceptions ofthe Use of Race as Part ofthe Criteria for Admission attheUniversityofCapeTown. Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Western Cape.
[46]
Ndaot, A. (2019). Trust in Media: The Case of Cameroon. CommunicationResearchReports,36, 207-216.
[47]
Ndi, A. (2018). Licensing and Accreditation of Journalists in Cameroon: The Role of the National Communication Council. JournalofAfricanMediaStudies,10, 11-24.
[48]
Ndode, S. N. (2020). Professionalisationof Training towardsa Model of Excellence for Journalism and Mass CommunicationinCameroon. Doctoral Thesis, University of Buea.
[49]
Ndoh, B. B., Ngange, K. L., Boyomo-Assala, L. C., & Ndode, S. N. (2023). Governmental Information Hoarding and Its Effects on Journalism Practice. CorporateLawandGovernanceReview,5, 129-150. https://doi.org/10.22495/clgrv5i1p12
[50]
Ngange, K. L. (2012). Redefining Journalism Roles in Democracy:In Search of Evidence from Election Coverage Using Mobile PhonesandtheInternetinCameroon. Doctoral thesis, University of Buea.
[51]
Ngange, K. L., & Elempia, F. D. (2019). Sensationalism in Journalism Practice: Analysis of Private and Public Print Media Coverage of Crisis Situations in Cameroon. Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism, 9, Article No. 411.
[52]
Ngange, K. L., & Elonge, M. E. (2019). E-Democracy in Africa: Assessing Internet Use by Major Political Parties during Elections in Cameroon. AdvancesinJournalismandCommunication,7, 55-73. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajc.2019.73004
[53]
Ngange, K. L., & Ndode, S. N. (2024). Mediaand Governments at War:An Exploration ofthe Ferocious Struggle for Dominance inthe Marketplace of Ideas, Influence and Power. Les Presses Universitaires de Yaounde.
[54]
Ngangum, P. T. (2019). Media Regulation in Cameroon. AfricanJournalismStudies,40, 10-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1725777
[55]
Ngangum, P. T. (2020). The National Communication Council: Opportunity or Constraint for Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression in Cameroon? AfricanJournalismStudies,41, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1703776
[56]
Ngoh, E. (2018). Conflicts of Interest in Cameroonian Journalism. JournalofInternationalJournalism,6, 12-28.
[57]
Ngoh, V. J. (1979). The Political Evolution ofCameroon,1884-1961.
[58]
Ngoh, V. J. (2017). State Dominance in the Media Sector: The Case of Cameroon. AfricanJournalofPoliticalScience,12, 45-62.
[59]
Nkolo, F. (2021). Government Stance on Media Freedom in Cameroon. InternationalJournalofCommunication,15, 45-64.
[60]
Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2005). Africa’s Media, Democracy andthe Politics of Belonging. Zed Books.
[61]
Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2011). Mass Media and Democratisation in Cameroon in the Early 1990s. African Books Collective.
[62]
Obaze, A., & Fashanu, F. (2006). Mass Communication Law and Ethics. Safinos Publishers.
[63]
Oduro, J. A. (2019). SocialMediaInfluenceonPrintMedia:CaseStudyofGraphicCommunicationsGroup. Master’s Degree, Nyansapo College.
[64]
Oso, L. (2012). Pressand Politics inNigeria:On Whose Side (pp. 2-40). The 47th Edition of the Inaugural Lecture Series of Lagos State University.
[65]
Patel, A. (2010). The Survival of the Newspaper in the Digital Age of Communication. Un-published Thesis, Leonard N. Stern, New York University.
[66]
Pattabhiramaiah, A., Sriram, S., & Sridhar, S. (2018). Rising Prices under Declining Preferences: The Case of the U.S. Print Newspaper Industry. MarketingScience,37, 97-122. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1060
[67]
Prat, A. (2015). Media Power. Columbia University.
[68]
Probucka, D. (2018). Truth and Lies in Journalism: A Dispute Concerning the Accurate Presentation of Information. Ethics&Bioethics,8, 81-89. https://doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2018-0003
[69]
Reese, S. D. (1993). The Media Sociology ofHerbretGans:AChicago Functionalist. Paper Prepared for Submission to Mass Communication Division, International Communication Association, for the 1994 Conference, Sydney, Australia.
[70]
Reese, S. D., & Shoemaker, P. J. (2016). A Media Sociology for the Networked Public Sphere: The Hierarchy of Influences Model. MassCommunicationandSociety,19, 389-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268
[71]
Reporters Without Borders (2023). WorldPressFreedomIndex2023. RSF.
[72]
Richardson, M. L. (1999). FromGermanKameruntoBritishCameroons,1884-1961,with Special Referencetothe Plantations. University of California.
[73]
Sadi, E. (2023). GovernmentStatementonWorldPressFreedomDay2022:MinisterofCommunication. https://www.mincom.gov.cm
[74]
Schiller, H. (1996). Information Inequality: The Deepening Social Crisis in America. Routledge.
[75]
Shabir, G., Safdar, G., Seyal, A. M., Imran, M., & Bukhari, A. R. (2015). Maintaining Print Media in Modern Age: A Case Study of Pakistan. AsianJournalofSocialSciences&Humanities,4, 194-202.
[76]
Simon, J. (2014). The New Censorship: Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231160643.001.0001
[77]
Sjøvaag, H., & Ohlsson, J. (2019). Media Ownership and Journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.839
[78]
Strömbäck, J., & Kaid, L. L. (2009). The Handbook of Election News Coveragearoundthe World. Routledge.
[79]
Takougang, J. (2019). African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon’s Political Crossroads. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429502514
[80]
Tanjong, E. (2012). Media Balance inSub-SaharanAfrica’s Fragile Democracy:Analysisof Journalism Practice inCameroon. Design House.
[81]
Tchinda, A. (2022). Media Freedom in Cameroon: Challenges and Prospects. AfricanJournalofJournalismStudies,13, 56-74.
[82]
Tillinghast, W. A. (1981). Declining Newspaper Readership: Impact of Region and Urbanization. JournalismQuarterly,58, 14-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908105800103
[83]
Tita, J. C., Wantchami, N. L., & Muluh, H. (2016). Understanding Cameroon Press Freedom According to African Media Barometer from 2008-2014. JournalofMassCommunication&Journalism,6, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000314
[84]
Umeogu, B., & Ifeoma, O. (2012). Sycophancy and Objective Journalism. AdvancesinAppliedSociology,2, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2012.23022