Medication errors (ME) in poultry production pose significant threats to animal health, productivity, and public health. In Uganda, data on such errors in poultry practice remain limited. The study assessed prevalence, associated risk factors, and economic implications of medication errors in poultry practice in Wakiso District, Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2024 among poultry farmers, and veterinary practitioners. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on medication practices, errors, and associated economic impacts. Descriptive statistics were performed using STATA Version 17. Among the 455 respondents that participated in the study, 265 were poultry farmers, 120 veterinary paraprofessionals and 70 veterinary surgeons. Among 455 participants response, 83.5% (380/455; CI: 80.0% - 87.0%) committed MEs, with most prevalent being medication administration errors 87.5% (336/384, CI: 83.8% - 91.2%). Veterinary para-professionals (99.2%, 119/120, CI: 97.6% - 100%) and poultry farmers (36.6%, 97/265, CI: 22.4% - 44.4%) were illegally prescribing medicines for poultry. Veterinary surgeons committed the highest monitoring errors with majority (83.6%, 95% CI: 76.5 - 90.7, n = 51) failing to follow up on patient after treatment. Risk factors to MEs were not conducting laboratory tests (AOR = 8.4, CI: 2.1 - 34.4, p < 0.01) and lower education levels (AOR = 2.9, CI: 0.7 - 12.5, p = 0.14). Significant consequences of ME included increased poultry mortality rates (OR = 9.2, CI: 1.3 - 65.9, p < 0.05), birds treated for longer time (OR = 8.1, CI: 1.2 - 55.0, p < 0.05) and economic losses (OR = 6.6, CI: 1.7 - 26.7; p < 0.01). Medicine administration errors are common among farmers and practitioners for poultry in Wakiso district. Lower education levels and absence of diagnostic laboratory tests, significantly increased likelihood of medication errors occurrence. High mortality, prolonged treatment durations and economic losses were major consequences.
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