Rationale: Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Ogbia Local Government Area (LGA), Bayelsa State, Nigeria, where surface water is often compromised by oil exploration, poor sanitation, and waste disposal. Despite its importance, groundwater in this region is vulnerable to contamination from both geogenic and anthropogenic sources, raising concerns about long-term health implications. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of groundwater across selected communities in Ogbia LGA, compare measured values with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and determine the implications for human health. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, involving the systematic collection of 50 groundwater samples from boreholes across 16 communities, including Oruma, Otuasega, Imiringi, Elebele, Otuokpoti, Kolo, Otouke, Onuebum, Ewoi, Otuogila, Otuabagi, Ogbia Town, Oloibiri, Opume, and Akiplai. Standardized laboratory analyses were conducted following WHO protocols to determine pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, major ions, and heavy metals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The findings showed that most parameters, including pH (6.4 - 7.1), conductivity (76 - 200 μS/cm), nitrates (2.4 - 6.4 mg/L), chloride (12 - 31 mg/L), calcium, magnesium, and hardness, were within WHO permissible limits, indicating generally acceptable groundwater quality. However, sodium exceeded WHO limits (200 mg/L) in 78% of samples (mean = 235 mg/L ± 45 mg/L; range = 150 - 320 mg/L), while iron exceeded permissible levels (0.3 mg/L) in 84% of samples (mean = 1.8 mg/L ± 0.6 mg/L; range = 0.5 - 3.2 mg/L). Elevated sodium poses risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, while excess iron is associated with gastrointestinal issues, organ damage, and aesthetic concerns such as metallic taste and staining. Spatial variations revealed stronger oilfield influences in Elebele, Imiringi, and Oloibiri, while central settlements such as Ogbia Town and Opume showed sanitation-related signatures. Although sampling occurred during a single season, previous regional evidence suggests that rainfall-driven recharge may further exacerbate contaminant levels, particularly for sodium and iron, an aspect that warrants future investigation. Conclusions: Groundwater in Ogbia LGA is broadly suitable for domestic use but compromised by systemic sodium and iron contamination. These exceedances, influenced by both natural hydrogeology and anthropogenic activities, present long-term
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