Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and lipid abnormalities contributing to cardiovascular risk. Integrated indices such as the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and the Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG) offer a synthetic assessment of cardiometabolic risk, but their exploration associated with leptin and β-cell function remains limited in experimental models. This study aimed to evaluate advanced biochemical, hormonal, and lipid changes induced by alloxan in Wistar rats. Methods: Twelve male rats were divided into two groups: normoglycemic controls and alloxan-induced diabetics (150 mg/kg, i.p.). Measurements of blood glucose, insulin, leptin, and serum lipids were performed on day 14. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, AIP, and TyG indices were calculated. Statistical analyses used the Mann–Whitney test and linear correlation. Results: Diabetic rats showed significant hyperglycemia (p < 0.001), insulinopenia with decreased HOMA-β (p < 0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.004), and decreased HDL-C (p = 0.03). AIP (p = 0.002) and TyG (p = 0.006) were elevated. Blood glucose correlated positively with AIP (r = 0.80; p = 0.013), and insulin with HOMA-IR (r = 0.90; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Leptin did not show significant correlations. Alloxan hyperglycemia induces a pro-atherogenic metabolic signature. AIP and TyG indices are relevant integrated markers of experimental cardiometabolic risk.
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