The present journal paper is the fourth and last part of a review of boxing practitioners’ physiology. The third part has dealt with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, and altitude. The second part has dealt with boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, and ergometry. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that has been discussed in the present and fourth part: as far as boxing practice is concerned, information relating to 1) faith, 2) life expectancy, 3) gender, and 4) childhood. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through consultation of the tables that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders, advice, and suggestions that appear at the end of each of the four parts of the journal paper (2.5.2., 2.5.3., 2.6.2., 2.6.3., 2.7.3., 2.7.4., 2.8.6., and 2.8.7.). The reader’s attention is drawn 1) to the fact that faith is possibly a factor that may influence the performance of a boxer, but not the only one, 2) to the fact that more research work related to life expectancy is still to be carried out, 3) to the fact that females appear less negatively affected than males by professional boxing, and 4) extensively to hypotheses about the physiology of educational boxing as well as that of baby boxing practitioners.
References
[1]
Mukala Nsengu Tshibangu, A. (2020) Boxing Practitioners Physiology Review 1. Kinanthropometric Parameters, Skeletal Muscle Recruitment and Ergometry. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 10, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmip.2020.101001
[2]
Mukala Nsengu Tshibangu, A. (2023) Boxing Practitioners Physiology Review: 2. Systemic Responses and Adaptations. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 13, 1-67. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmip.2023.131001
[3]
Mukala Nsengu Tshibangu, A. (2024) Boxing Practitioners Physiology Review: 3. Dietary Supplementation, Weight Control, Recovery and Altitude. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 14, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmip.2024.141001
[4]
Summers, D. (2007) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 4th Edition, Pearson Education.
[5]
Azpitarte, X. (2000) 2 Mike Tyson El Terror de Brooklyn. In: Azpitarte, A., Ed., Boxeo Grandes Campeones—Combates Legendarios, RBA Coleccionables, 13-24.
[6]
Azpitarte, X. (2000) 2 Mike Tyson Tres Combates de ‘Iron Mike’ vs Berbick, vs Spinks y vs Bruno. Boxeo Grandes Campeones—Combates Legendarios, RBA VHS ESPN Enterprises. Boxing Footage Courtesy of ESPN Enterprises.
[7]
BoxeoTotal (2017) Trevor Berbick vs. Mike Tyson (en español). https://youtube.com/watch?v=4TdaPnKTRcY&si=5XaMjomXLx-eZ/qu
GSD BOXING (2019) Prince Naseem Hamed Ring Entrance vs Marco Antonio Barrera. https://youtube.com/watch?v=b14xWD2t8Qo&si=OWhsHRfmsz4uU4XI
[10]
Dyson, R., Smith, M.S., Martin, C. and Fenn, L. (2007) Muscular Recruitment During Rear Hand Punches Delivered at Maximal Force and Speed by Amateur Boxers. Proceedings of International Conference of Biomechanics in Sport, XXV ISBS Symposium 2007, Ouro Preto-Brazil, 23-27 August 2007, 591-594.
[11]
Hall, J.E. (2011) Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th Edition, Saunders Elsevier.
[12]
Sarna, S., Sahi, T., Koskenvuo, M. and Kaprio, J. (1993) Increased Life Expectancy of World Class Male Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199302000-00013
[13]
Han, T.S., Gabe, J., Sharma, P. and Lean, M.E.J. (2019) Life Expectancy of White and Non-White Elite Heavyweight Boxers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7, 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00656-y
[14]
Bianco, M., Fabbricatore, C., Sanna, N., Fabiano, C., Palmieri, V. and Zeppilli, P. (2007) Elite Athletes: Is Survival Shortened in Boxers? International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 697-702. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-964863
[15]
Silbernagl, S. and Lang, F. (2000) Fundamentals. In: Silbernagl, S. and Lang, F., Eds.， Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2-19.
[16]
Jansen, A.E., McGrath, M., Samorezov, S., Johnston, J., Bartsch, A. and Alberts, J. (2021) Characterizing Head Impact Exposure in Men and Women during Boxing and Mixed Martial Arts. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 23259671211059815. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211059815
[17]
Bennett, L.L., Stephen, S.J., Bernick, C., Shan, G. and Banks, S.J. (2020) Sex Moderates the Relationship That Number of Professional Fights Has with Cognition and Brain Volumes. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, Article 574458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.574458
[18]
Poortmans, J.R. (2012) Biochimie des Activités Physiques et Sportives. De Boeck & Larcier.
[19]
Borer, K.T. (2003) Exercise Endocrinology. Human Kinetics.
[20]
Sahlin, K. (2006) Metabolic Factors in Fatigue. In: Hargreaves, M. and Spriet, L., Eds., Exercise Metabolism (2nd Edition), Human Kinetics, 163-186. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492596240.ch-009
[21]
Spriet, L.L. (2006) Anaerobic Metabolism during Exercise. In: Hargreaves, M. and Spriet, L., Eds., Exercise Metabolism (2nd Edition), Human Kinetics, 7-27. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492596240.ch-002
[22]
Faigenbaum, A.D. (2008) Age-and Sex-Related Differences and Their Implications for Resistance Exercise. In: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. Eds., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd Edition), Human Kinetics, 141-158.
[23]
Daniel, W.W. (1987) Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
[24]
Lang, F. (2000) Neuromuscular and Sensory Systems. In: Silbernagl, S. and Lang, F., Eds., Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Georg Thieme Verlag, 298-361.
[25]
Greenstein, B. and Greenstein, A. (2000) Color Atlas of Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology. Georg Thieme Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1055/b-005-148864
[26]
Karakukcu, C., Polat, Y., Torun, Y. and Pac, A. (2013) The Effects of Acute and Regular Exercise on Calcium, Phosphorus and Trace Elements in Young Amateur Boxers. Clinical Laboratory, 59, 557-562. https://doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2012.120505
[27]
Yli-Piipari, S., Berg, A., Laing, E.M., Hartzell, D.L., Parris, K.O., Udwadia, J., et al. (2018) A Twelve-Week Lifestyle Program to Improve Cardiometabolic, Behavioral, and Psychological Health in Hispanic Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 24, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0130
[28]
Gotlieb, R.J., Sorenson, T.J., Borad, V. and Schubert, W. (2021) Children in Boxing and Martial Arts Should Be Better Guarded from Facial Injuries. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction, 15, 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211016666
[29]
Mukala Nsengu Tshibangu, A. (2009) Educational Boxing Totally Harmless or Only Safer than Amateur and Professional Boxing? Science & Sports, 24, 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2009.02.001
[30]
Mukala Nsengu Tshibangu, A. (2013) Educational Boxing Is Worth Becoming a Template for Building up Concussion Prevention Means in Children and Adolescents Sports. Advances in Physical Education, 3, 50-52. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2013.31008
[31]
Cougoulic, P., Raynaud, S. and Cougoulic, B. (2003) La Boxe Éducative. 200 Jeux et Situations Pédagogiques. Amphora Sports.
[32]
Newton, R.U. and Kraemer, W.J. (2009) Power. In: Ackland, T.R., Elliot, B.C. and Bloomfield, J., Eds., Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport (2nd Edition), Hu-man Kinetics, 155-175.
[33]
Åstrand, P.O., Rodahl, K., Dahl, H.A. and Strømme, S.B. (2003) Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise, 4th Edition, Human Kinetics.
[34]
Hunter, G.R. and Harris, R.T. (2008) Structure and Function of the Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Systems. In: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. Eds., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd Edition), Human Kinetics, 3-20.
[35]
Baechle, T.R., Earle, R.W. and Wathen, D. (2008) Resistance Training. In: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W., Eds., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd Edition), Human Kinetics, 381-412.
[36]
Harman, E. (2008) Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise. In: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W., Eds., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd Edition), Human Kinetics, 65-91.
[37]
McGuigan, M. and Ratamus, N. (2009) Strength. In: Ackland, T.R., Elliot, B.C. and Bloomfield, J., Eds., Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport, Human Kinetics, 119-154.
[38]
Fédération Française de Boxe (2005) Règlement Boxe Éducative Assaut BEA. Fédération Française de Boxe.
[39]
Schmidt, R.F. (1999) En Bref … Physiologie. De Boeck Université.
[40]
Barret, K.E., Barman, S.M., Boitano, S. and Brooks, H.L. (2010) Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
[41]
Marieb, E.N. and Hoehn, K. (2010) Anatomie et Physiologie Humaines. 8th Edition, Pearson.
[42]
Bouttier, J.C. and Lustyk, J.P. (1990) La Boxe. Denoël.
[43]
Fédération Française de Boxe (2004) Code Sportif. Fédération Française de Boxe, Pantin.
[44]
Vandervael, F. (1943) Biométrie Humaine. Desoer.
[45]
Monod, H., Flandrois, R. and Vandewalle, H. (2007) Physiologie du Sport: Bases Physiologiques des Activités Physiques et Sportives. 6th Edition, Elsevier Masson SAS.
[46]
Maughan, R.J. (1990) Marathon Running. In: Reilly, T., Secher, N., Snell, P. and Williams, C., Eds., Physiology of Sports, E&FN Spon, 121-152.
[47]
Silbernagl, S. (2000) Temperature, Energy. In: Silbernagl, S. and Lang, F., Eds., Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Georg Thieme Verlag, 20-27.
[48]
Silbernagl, S. and Despopoulos, A. (2001) Atlas de Poche de Physiologie. 3rd Edition, Flammarion Médecine-Sciences.
[49]
Lang, F. (2000) Respiration, Acid-Base Balance. In: Silbernagl, S. and Lang, F., Eds., Color Atlas of Pathophysiology, Georg Thieme Verlag, 66-91.
[50]
Endresen, I.M. and Olweus, D. (2005) Participation in Power Sports and Antisocial Involvement in Preadolescent and Adolescent Boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 468-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00414.x
