全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Analysis of Non-Homicidal Necrophilic Offenses and Punishments According to State Law and Aggrawal’s Classification System

DOI: 10.4236/ojmp.2025.144013, PP. 207-261

Keywords: Federal Anti-Necrophilia Law, State Anti-Necrophilia Law, Necrophilia Variations, Anil Aggrawal, Classifications of Necrophiles, Crimes against the Dead, Sentencing Necrophiles, Psychological Disorder, Paraphilic Disorder, 10-Tier Classification of Necrophiles

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Historical documentation indicates that the presence of necrophilia has been a constant since approximately 455BC, and one of its very first instances was recorded in Ancient Egypt. This is not to say that necrophilia did not occur prior to the keeping of archives. What is notable is the fact that at present time—some 2479 years later in the year 2025AD—necrophilia is still occurring across the world not excluding America. This speaks volumes in proving that the practice continues to persevere across both geographic location and time. An extensive review of literature revealed research identifying necrophilia as a paraphilic mental disorder after the conducting of psychoanalysis on those who took part in necrophilic acts. Other research brought forth the criminalization of necrophilia in some jurisdictions from a legal perspective. Still more articles displayed that necrophilia is precisely the point in which psychological disorder and crime intersect. Additional studies shed light on a categorization system for necrophiles, signifying that the mind and behavior of all participants are not one in the same. It is both the system of classification and the criminal/legal aspect of necrophilia in the US that are the focus of the research at hand. In the United States, no federal law exists regarding the banning of necrophilia. This legislative responsibility is left completely up to each individual state. Some states follow in the footsteps of the US government, opting not to include an anti-necrophilia law in their state code. Other states have certainly chosen to include such laws on their books. This research focuses on the states that do include laws that prohibit necrophilic acts within their state codes, or have established precedence-setting caselaw within their jurisdictions. This study was conducted via analytical comparative legal research. The purpose was to identify how necrophiles are handled under each state’s legal system in order to compare and contrast 1) variances as to where each state houses their anti-necrophilia law (criminal code/health regulation/precedence-setting caselaw), 2) their code specifications, 3) their criminal charges, 4) whom or what the offense is against (public/person/property) in their state, 5) the status of the corpse (person/object/undetermined) in their state, 6) their specified prohibited acts, 7) against what class(es) of necrophile a corpse is protected in their state, 8) the crime level (misdemeanor/felony) in their state, and 9) their maximum sentencing requirements. To do so,

References

[1]  Petherick, W. and Petherick, N. (2018) Homicide. Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128125298/homicide#book-info
[2]  Boros, J., Münnich, I. and Szegedi, M. (1988) Psychology and Criminal Justice: International Review of Theory and Practice. Walter de Gruyter, 242.
[3]  (2018) Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Batra 3b. Sefaria.
[4]  Luan, P. (1994) The Corpse-Raping Emperor. Tales About Chinese Emperors: Their Wild and Wise Ways. Hai Feng Publishing Company, 148.
[5]  Gibson, D. (2012) Legends, Monsters, Or Serial Murderers? The Real Story Behind an Ancient Crime. Praeger, 201.
https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400678226
[6]  Prins, H. (2013) Bizarre Behaviours (Psychology Revivals): Boundaries of Psychiatric Disorder. Routledge, 76.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203515489
[7]  Cirigliano, D.L. (2022) Examining an Eccentric Necrophile. Internet Journal of Criminology.
https://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/_files/ugd/9280ee_bd0896327a514a6a8e375024a1172af4.pdf
[8]  Halliday, J. (2014) Savile Told Hospital Staff He Performed Sex Acts on Corpses in Leeds Mortuary. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/26/savile-bodies-sex-acts-corpses-glass-eyes-mortuary
[9]  ABC News (2007) Cops: Man Caught in Hospital Necrophilia Act. ABC News.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=3794389&page=1
[10]  Bradford, J.M.W. and Ahmed, A. (2014) The Natural History of the Paraphilias. Sexual Deviation: Assessment and Treatment, 37.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877711/
[11]  Aggrawal, A. (2011) Necrophilia: Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects. CRC Press.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b10418
[12]  Burt, R.L. (1990) F. S. Krauss (1859-1938): Selbstzeugnisse und Materialien zur Bibliographie des Volkskundlers, Literaten und Sexualforschers. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
[13]  BBC (2024) What Is Conversion Therapy and When Will It Be Banned? BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-56496423
[14]  Brown, G. (2023) Overview of Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders. Merk Manual—Professional Version.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/paraphilias-and-paraphilic-disorders/overview-of-paraphilias-and-paraphilic-disorders
[15]  World Health Organization (2022) ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision).
https://icd.who.int/en/
[16]  American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
[17]  Aggrawal, A. (2008) Appendix 1—Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. CRC Press, 369-382.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420043099
[18]  Aggrawal, A. (2009) A New Classification of Necrophilia. Journal of Forensic Legal Medicine, 16, 316-320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2008.12.023
[19]  Isaacs, R.V. (1997) 41 NSWLR 374.
https://trialdirections.com.au/chapters/verdicts#r-v-isaacs-1997-41-nswlr-374
[20]  Chatterjee, P. (2023) Necrophilia: A Complex Intersection of Crime and Psychological Disorder. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, 45, 193-198.
https://doi.org/10.48165/jiafm.2023.45.2.23
[21]  Pettigrew, M. (2019) Fantasy, Opportunity, Homicide: Testing Classifications of Necrophilic Behaviour. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 34, 14-22.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9259-z
[22]  Tippett, A. (2023) Shining Light on an Unspeakable Crime: Necrophilia and the Need for Legal Reform. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 36, 114-124.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2238378
[23]  Ricardo, K. (2021) Necrophilia: A New Social-Harm Taxonomy of U.S. Laws. William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 27, 350-413.
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol27/iss2/4
[24]  Drinot, P. (2022) Necrophilia, Psychiatry, and Sexology: The Making of Sexual Science in Mid-Twentieth Century Peru. Journal of Social History, 56, 782-804.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac041
[25]  Vasudevan, A., Dharma, P. and Eccleston, L. (2019) Necrophilia: A Study of the Psychoanalysis in the Characteristics of the Offenders Who Sexually Molest the Dead. Medico-Legal Update, 19, 12-20.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-1283.2019.00136.1
[26]  Kumar, P. and Rathee, S. (2019) Necrophilia: An Understanding. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7, 607-616.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334114117_Necrophilia_An_Understanding
[27]  Bhaskar, N. (2020) Necrophilia: Legal Perspective. International Journal of Legal Science and Innovation, 2, 241-255.
https://www.ijlsi.com/wp-content/uploads/Necrophilia-Legal-Perspective.pdf
[28]  Tiwari, N. (2022) Legal Status of a Person After Death. Journal of Legal Research and Judicial Sciences.
https://jlrjs.com/legal-status-of-a-person-after-death/
[29]  (2024) WY Stat § 6-4-502.
https://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/title-6/chapter-4/article-5/section-6-4-502/
[30]  (2025) MN 609.294.
https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.294#:~:text=Whoever%20carnally%20knows%20a%20dead,more%20than%20%243%2C000%20or%20both
[31]  Merriam Webster Dictionary (2025) Definition of Assault.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assault
[32]  Merriam Webster Dictionary (2025) Definition of Abuse.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abuse
[33]  (2023) Wisconsin Statute §940-225(7).
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/940/ii/225
[34]  Merriam Webster Dictionary (2025) Definition of Desecration.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desecration
[35]  Merriam Webster Dictionary (2025) Definition of Destruction.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/destruction
[36]  (2024) SC Code § 16-17-600.
https://law.justia.com/codes/south-carolina/title-16/chapter-17/section-16-17-600/
[37]  (2022) NH Rev Stat § 644:7.
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-hampshire/2022/title-lxii/title-644/section-644-7/
[38]  (2024) 18 PA Cons Stat § 5510.
https://law.justia.com/codes/pennsylvania/title-18/chapter-55/section-5510/
[39]  MI Compiled Laws—Section 750.160d.
https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-750-160D
[40]  Grabel, S. (2025) Criminal Law: The Differences Between a Felony & A Misdemeanor. Grabel & Associates—Michigan Criminal Lawyers.
https://www.grabellaw.com/criminal-law-the-differences-between-a-felony-a-misdemeanor.html
[41]  Gjelten, E. (2024) Alabama Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences. Criminal Defense Lawyer.
https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/alabama-felony-class.htm
[42]  (2024) AL Code § 13A-11-13.
https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-13a/chapter-11/article-1/section-13a-11-13/
[43]  Alaska Court System (2025) Background about Criminal Cases. Alaska Court System Self Help.
https://courts.alaska.gov/shc/criminal/background.htm
[44]  (2024) Code § 5-60-101.
https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-5/subtitle-6/chapter-60/subchapter-1/section-5-60-101/
[45]  (2024) AZ Rev Stat § 32-1364.
https://law.justia.com/codes/arizona/title-32/
[46]  Pirius, R. (2023) Arkansas Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences. Criminal Defense Lawyer.
https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/arkansas-felony-class.htm
[47]  (2024) CA Health & Safety Code § 7052.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-hsc/division-7/part-1/chapter-2/section-7052/
[48]  (2024) CO Rev Stat § 18-13-101.
https://law.justia.com/codes/colorado/title-18/article-13/section-18-13-101/
[49]  Moorehead, D. (2024) Class 6 Felony Colorado. The Moorehead Law Group.
https://www.boulderdefenseattorney.com/class-6-felony-colorado/#:~:text=A%20Class%206%20felony%20in,mandatory%201%2Dyear%20parole%20period
[50]  (2025) Connecticut 2005 Code—Sec. 53a-73a.
https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-73a.html
[51]  Connecticut Legislature (2023) Table on Penalties. Special Report.
https://www.cga.ct.gov/2023/rpt/pdf/2023-R-0176.pdf
[52]  Pirius, R. (2023) Delaware Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences. Criminal Defense Lawyer.
https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/delaware-misdemeanor-crimes-class-and-sentences.htm
[53]  (2024) 11 DE Code § 1332.
https://law.justia.com/codes/delaware/title-11/chapter-5/subchapter-vii/section-1332/#:~:text=Previous%20Next-,%C2%A7%201332.,is%20a%20class%20A%20misdemeanor
[54]  Buda, A. (2025) 2nd Degree Felony Florida Maximum Punishment. Buda Law Tampa Criminal Defense Attorneys.
https://budalaw.com/blog/2024/july/2nd-degree-felony-florida
[55]  Florida Senate (2021) 2021 Florida Statutes (Including 2021B Session).
https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2021/0872.06
[56]  FindLaw (2023) Florida Statutes Title XLVI. Crimes § 872.06. Abuse of a Dead Human Body; Penalty. FindLaw.com.
https://codes.findlaw.com/fl/title-xlvi-crimes/fl-st-sect-872-06/
[57]  (2024) GA Code §16-6-7.
https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/title-16/chapter-6/section-16-6-7/
[58]  (2024) HI Rev Stat § 711-1108.
https://law.justia.com/codes/hawaii/title-37/chapter-711/section-711-1108/
[59]  Breiner, M. (2025) Understanding Misdemeanors vs. Petty Misdemeanors. Myles S. Breiner Attorney at Law.
https://www.hawaiicriminaldefense.net/criminal-defense/misdemeanors-petty-misdemeanors-violations/#:~:text=In%20Hawaii%20law%2C%20misdemeanors%20are,fine%20of%20up%20to%20%241%2C000
[60]  Idaho Legislature (2024) Title 18—Crimes and Punishments. Chapter 1—Preliminary Provisions.
https://legislature.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH1.pdf
[61]  Idaho Legislature (2025) Title 18—Crimes and Punishments, Chapter 66—Sex Crimes.
https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH66/SECT18-6603/
[62]  FindLaw (2022) Illinois Statutes Chapter 720 Criminal Offenses §5/12-20.6 Abuse of a Corpse. FindLaw.com.
https://codes.findlaw.com/il/chapter-720-criminal-offenses/il-st-sect-720-5-12-20-6/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CSexual%20conduct%E2%80%9D%20has%20the%20meaning,11%2D0.1%20of%20this%20Code.&text=(2)%20removes%20or%20carries%20away,of%20a%20Class%202%20felony
[63]  Keffer, B. and Hirschauer, A. (2023) Charged with a Level 6 Felony in Indiana? Keffer Hirschauer, LLP.
https://www.indyjustice.com/blog/criminal-defense/level-6-felony-indiana/
[64]  (2024) IN Code § 35-45-11-2.
https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-35/article-45/chapter-11/section-35-45-11-2/
[65]  Iowa Legislature (2024) 902.9 Maximum Sentence for Felons.
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/902.9.pdf
[66]  Iowa Legislature (2024) Iowa Code 2024, Section 709.18.
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/2024/709.18.pdf
[67]  Carman, D. (2021) Classes of Felonies in Kentucky. Dan Carman & Attorneys, PLLC.
https://www.kentuckycriminaldefenseattorney.com/ky-criminal-defense-attorneys/felony-charges
[68]  Kentucky Legislature (2024) §525.120—Abuse of a Corpse.
https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=48745
[69]  (2011) LA Rev Stat § 14:101.
https://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/2011/rs/title14/rs14-101/
[70]  MCD (2025) Classification of Crimes in Maine. The Maine Criminal Defense Group.
https://www.notguiltyattorneys.com/classification-crimes-maine/
[71]  Maine Legislature (2024) §508. Abuse of Corpse.
https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/17-a/title17-asec508.html
[72]  Maryland Criminal Code (2024) §10-404—Cemetery—Destroying Funerary Objects; Indecent Conduct.
https://www.dllr.state.md.us/forms/cemdisinterlaw.pdf
[73]  Mass.gov (2025) Massachusetts Law About Sex.
https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-law-about-sex#:~:text=Neither%20Massachusetts%20nor%20federal%20law,sex%20with%20a%20dead%20body
[74]  (1995) Commonwealth v. Waters, 420 Mass. 276.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2325538603842230129
[75]  City of Lebanon (2025) I Am Charged with a Class a Misdemeanor; What Are the Possible Penalties? City Government of Lebanon, New Hampshire.
https://lebanonnh.gov/Faq.aspx?QID=216
[76]  MN §609.294 2024.
https://law.justia.com/codes/minnesota/chapters-609-624/chapter-609/section-609-294/
[77]  MS Code §97-29-25 2024.
https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-97/chapter-29/in-general/section-97-29-25/
[78]  (2024) NV Rev Stat § 201.450.
https://law.justia.com/codes/nevada/chapter-201/statute-201-450/
[79]  NH Rev Stat §644:7, 2022.
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-hampshire/title-lxii/chapter-644/section-644-7/
[80]  (2024) NJ Rev Stat § 2C:22-1.
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-2c/section-2c-22-1/
[81]  Oliver, K. (2025) Second Degree Felony Charges in Monmouth County. Keith Oliver Law at Proetta, Oliver, & Fay.
https://www.njcriminaldefensefirm.com/monmouth-county-criminal-charges/second-degree-felony-charges/#:~:text=Pursuant%20to%20NJSA%202C%3A43,fine%20up%20to%20%24150%2C000%20imposed
[82]  Saland, J. (2025) New York Misdemeanor Crimes: FAQ. Saland Law, PC.
https://www.new-york-lawyers.org/frequently-asked-questions/new-york-misdemeanor-crimes-faq/
[83]  (2024) NY Penal L § 130.20.
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/pen/part-3/title-h/article-130/130-20/
[84]  Pirius, R. (2023) North Carolina Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences. Criminal Defense Lawyer.
https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/north-felony-class.htm
[85]  (2023) NC Gen Stat §14-401.22.
https://codes.findlaw.com/nc/chapter-14-criminal-law/nc-gen-st-sect-14-401-22.html
[86]  O’Keefe, T., O’Brian, T. and Lyson, T. (2025) Different Levels of Misdemeanors in North Dakota: What do They Mean? O’Keefe, O’Brian, & Lyson Attorneys.
https://www.okeeffeattorneys.com/different-levels-of-misdemeanors-in-north-dakota-what-do-they-mean/
[87]  (2024) ND Century Code §12.1-20-12.
https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c20.pdf
[88]  (1996) OH Rev. Codes 2927.01.
https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2927.01#:~:text=Section%202927.01%20%7C%20Abuse%20of%20a%20corpse.&text=(A)%20No%20person%2C%20except,would%20outrage%20reasonable%20community%20sensibilities
[89]  Gounaris, N. and Abboud, A. (2025) Ohio Second-Degree Misdemeanors Laws and Penalties.
https://www.gafirm.com/legal-blog/ohio-second-degree-misdemeanor/
[90]  (2024) 21 OK Stat § 1161.1.
https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-21/section-21-1161-1/
[91]  (2023) OR Rev Stat § 166.085.
https://law.justia.com/codes/oregon/volume-04/chapter-166/section-166-085/#:~:text=Section%20166.085%20%2D%20Abuse%20of%20corpse%20in%20the%20second%20degree.&text=This%20media%2Dneutral%20citation%20is,not%20necessarily%20the%20official%20citation.&text=(b)%20Disinters%2C%20removes%20or,is%20a%20Class%20C%20felony
[92]  Pirius, R. (2022) Oregon Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences. Criminal Defense Lawyer.
https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/oregon-felony-class.htm
[93]  Fienman, M.H. (2025) Second Degree Misdemeanor Penalties and Offenses in Pennsylvania. Fienman Defense Criminal Law Firm.
https://www.philadelphiacriminalattorney.com/pennsylvania-offense-classes-gravity-score/second-degree-misdemeanor/
[94]  (2012) RI Gen L § 11-20-1.2.
https://law.justia.com/codes/rhode-island/2012/title-11/chapter-11-20/chapter-11-20-1.2
[95]  SC Code §16-17-600 2024.
https://law.justia.com/codes/south-carolina/title-16/chapter-17/section-16-17-600/
[96]  Gentry, A. (2024) Felony Charges in Tennessee. Law Offices of Amanda G. Gentry.
https://www.amandajgentry.com/criminal-law/felonies/
[97]  (2024) TN Code § 39-17-312.
https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-39/chapter-17/part-3/section-39-17-312/
[98]  Weber, T. (2024) Penalties for a Third-Degree Felony in Utah. Weber Law.
https://www.law.ninja/penalties-for-a-third-degree-felony-in-utah/
[99]  (2010) UT Code §76-9-704.
https://law.justia.com/codes/utah/2010/title-76/chapter-09/76-9-704/
[100]  LIS (2024) Punishment for Conviction of Felony; Penalty. Legislative Information System Virginia.
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter1/section18.2-10/
[101]  Legislative Information System Virginia (2025) Virginia Law—Code of Virginia. LIS.
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter5/section18.2-126/
[102]  WSL (2024) Washington State Legislature. Authorized Sentences for Crimes Committed.
https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9a.20&full=true
[103]  Washington State Legislature (2024) Washington Revised Code Washington. Title 9A, Chapter 9A.44, Section 9A.44.105.
https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.44.105
[104]  Grieves, T. (2024) Class C Misdemeanors in Wisconsin: Examples, Minimum Penalties, Fines & Sentencing. Grieves Law Criminal Defense.
https://www.grievelaw.com/Penalties/WisconsinMisdemeanor/ClassC#:~:text=A%20Class%20C%20misdemeanor%20in%20Wisconsin%20carries%20a%20penalty%20of,30%20days%2C%20or%20possibly%
[105]  Wisconsin State Legislature (2024) 944.21—Obscene Material or Performance.
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/944/iv/20

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133