Trends in Air Pollutants in Iran (2006-2023) and Comparative Analysis of Global CO₂ Emissions (2000-2022/2023)

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of air pollutant trends in Iran from 2006 to 2023 and a comparative examination of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions across Iran, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2022. By focusing on greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O), suspended particulate matter (SPM), hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO), the research reveals statistically significant increases in most pollutants in Iran over the examined period. Utilizing rigorous statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene’s test, Brown-Forsythe test, and Dunnett’s T3, the study confirms significant temporal and interregional differences. The findings of this study revealed underscore transportation as a major contributor to emissions, both in Iran and globally, highlighting urgent needs for mitigation strategies in sectors such as transport, waste management, and energy. This dual-focus analysis provides crucial insights into local pollutant dynamics and positions Iran’s emission trends within broader global patterns, offering evidence-based recommendations for environmental policy reform.