Exploring Gender, Ethnicity, and Livelihoods Nexus in Disaster-Prone Areas of Bangladesh

Bangladesh, an emerging economy, is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. Communities living in climate hotspots experience severe consequences, and different groups within these communities are vulnerable in distinct ways. Few studies have explored gender-based vulnerability and adaptive livelihoods among coastal communities in Bangladesh, often neglecting resilience in relation to gender, ethnicity, and social class. This study aims to fill that gap by identifying vulnerabilities, climate-smart livelihood options, and the challenges related to the inclusion of marginalized and ethnic minority groups. The study was conducted in Debhata Upazila, and Satkhira Sadar Upazila in the Satkhira district of Bangladesh, using a mixed-methods approach comprising both quantitative and qualitative assessments. A total of 140 household surveys, 14 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 14 key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted. The analysis of socio-economic conditions—including factors such as education, family size, income, and occupation—revealed significant variations among rural, urban, and ethnic minority groups. The study shows that different groups in the area face disproportionate impacts of climate change. The severity of these impacts varies across the two areas, with soil salinity, heat stress, cyclones, and floods affecting them to different degrees. Saline-tolerant crop varieties and homestead gardening have emerged as common climate-smart practices. Women-led businesses, including poultry farming, tailoring, and cattle rearing, present diverse opportunities. Off-farm options such as handicrafts, technical skills, and small businesses offer potential avenues for economic diversification. Perceptions regarding the availability, access, and challenges of public services reveal regional disparities. Women’s mobility also differs significantly across the two areas. Access to drinking water remains a critical issue, with challenges exacerbated by salinity intrusion, groundwater depletion, and the presence of arsenic. People from ethnic communities face limited access to resources, infrastructure, and social services, which hinders their ability to cope with climate-related shocks. The study highlights the importance of tailored training programs, the promotion of climate-resilient livelihoods, and equitable access to public services to improve the overall well-being of disadvantaged groups. Integrating these initiatives can foster a more inclusive approach to climate resilience, ensuring that no