In the current technological landscape, a lot of risks are present due to the availability of existing and novel kinds of attacks. For these attacks to be countered, systems that identify all the variants without any false positives and false negatives are in high demand. The existence of traditional attack detection methods, such as the signature-based algorithms, has proven that they cannot spot new attacks. This is because they work based on a database that has signatures of attacks. The other methods of detecting attacks that have been explored in this study are the hybrid and machine learning methods for detecting zero-day attacks. In this research, we are coming up with an ensemble set of machine learning algorithms that identify novel and existing attacks in real time from an existing dataset. All of these concepts are mainly based on the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) triad. In order to come up with this, the main method of deployment to be used is the machine learning pipeline. The study has a firm foundation based on theorems such as Bayes and the fundamental principles of computational learning theory. This is composed of stages such as the identification, cleaning, analysis and feature engineering of the data. From there, the ensemble algorithm will be implemented, its accuracy measured and then tuned to improve its efficiency.
References
[1]
Kumar, V. and Sinha, D. (2021) A Robust Intelligent Zero-Day Cyber-Attack Detection Technique. Complex&IntelligentSystems, 7, 2211-2234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00396-9
[2]
Thangavel, S. and Kannan, S. (2019) Detection and Trace Back of Low and High Volume of Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack Based on Statistical Measures. ConcurrencyandComputation: PracticeandExperience, 34, e5428. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5428
[3]
Hindy, H., Atkinson, R., Tachtatzis, C., Colin, J., Bayne, E. and Bellekens, X. (2020) Utilising Deep Learning Techniques for Effective Zero-Day Attack Detection. Electronics, 9, Article 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101684
[4]
Abri, F., Siami-Namini, S., Khanghah, M.A., Soltani, F.M. and Namin, A.S. (2019) Can Machine/Deep Learning Classifiers Detect Zero-Day Malware with High Accuracy? 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Los Angeles, 9-12 December 2019, 3252-3259. https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9006514
[5]
Radhakrishnan, K., Menon, R.R. and Nath, H.V. (2019) A Survey of Zero-Day Malware Attacks and Its Detection Methodology. TENCON 2019—2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Kochi, 17-20 October 2019, 533-539. https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2019.8929620
[6]
Al-Rushdan, H., Shurman, M., Alnabelsi, S.H. and Althebyan, Q. (2019) Zero-Day Attack Detection and Prevention in Software-Defined Networks. 2019 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), Al Ain, 3-4 December 2019, 278-282. https://doi.org/10.1109/acit47987.2019.8991124
[7]
Zhou, Q. and Pezaros, D. (2020) A Prediction-Based Model for Consistent Adaptive Routing in Back-Bone Networks at Extreme Situations. Electronics, 9, Article 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122146
[8]
Al-Rushdan, H., Shurman, M. and Alnabelsi, S. (2020) On Detection and Prevention of Zero-Day Attack Using Cuckoo Sandbox in Software-Defined Networks. TheInternationalArabJournalofInformationTechnology, 17, 662-670. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/17/4a/11
[9]
Lahcen, R.A.M. and Mohapatra, R.N. (2022) Challenges in Cybersecurity and Machine Learning. PanAmerican Mathematical Journal, 32, 14-33.
[10]
Rong, C. and Çayirci, E. (2009) Security Attacks in Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks. In: Çayirci, E. and Rong, C.M., Eds., Security in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wiley, 105-120.
[11]
Ko, M., Osei-Bryson, K. and Dorantes, C. (2009) Investigating the Impact of Publicly Announced Information Security Breaches on Three Performance Indicators of the Breached Firms. InformationResourcesManagementJournal, 22, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2009040101
[12]
Kocakulak, M. and Butun, I. (2017) An Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks Towards Internet of Things. 2017 IEEE 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, 9-11 January 2017, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2017.7868374
[13]
Butun, I., Osterberg, P. and Song, H. (2020) Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures. IEEECommunicationsSurveys&Tutorials, 22, 616-644. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2953364
[14]
Ablon, L. and Bogart, A. (2017) Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1751.html
[15]
Kaur, D. and Kaur, P. (2016) Empirical Analysis of Web Attacks. ProcediaComputerScience, 78, 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.02.057
[16]
Vaisla, K.S. and Saini, R. (2014) Analyzing of Zero Day Attack and Its Identification Techniques. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Kunwar-Vaisla/publication/260489192_Analyzing_of_Zero_Day_Attack_and_its_Identification_Techniques/links/0046353170069a2a06000000/Analyzing-of-Zero-Day-Attack-and-its-Identification-Techniques.pdf
[17]
Riofrío, X., Astudillo-Salinas, F., Tello-Oquendo, L. and Merchan-Lima, J. (2021) The Zero-Day Attack: Deployment and Evolution. Zenodo, 8, 39-53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5747676
[18]
Cardenas, A.A., Baras, J.S. and Seamon, K. (2006) A Framework for the Evaluation of Intrusion Detection Systems. 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P’06), Berkeley, 21-24 May 2006, 15-77. https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2006.2
[19]
Einy, S., Oz, C. and Navaei, Y.D. (2021) The Anomaly-and Signature-Based IDS for Network Security Using Hybrid Inference Systems. MathematicalProblemsinEngineering, 2021, Article ID: 6639714. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639714
Oladipupo, T. (2010) Types of Machine Learning Algorithms. In: Zhang, Y.G., Ed., NewAdvancesinMachineLearning, InTech, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.5772/9385
[22]
Vitorino, J., Andrade, R., Praça, I. and Maia, E. (2021) A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for IoT Intrusion Detection. arXiv: 2111.13149.
[23]
Zhuang, W., Ye, Y., Chen, Y. and Li, T. (2012) Ensemble Clustering for Internet Security Applications. IEEETransactionsonSystems, Man, andCybernetics, PartC (ApplicationsandReviews), 42, 1784-1796. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2222025
[24]
Limthong, K. (2013) Real-Time Computer Network Anomaly Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques. JournalofAdvancesinComputerNetworks, 1, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.7763/jacn.2013.v1.1
[25]
Pandeeswari, N. and Kumar, G. (2015) Anomaly Detection System in Cloud Environment Using Fuzzy Clustering Based Ann. MobileNetworksandApplications, 21, 494-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-015-0644-x
[26]
MIT Lincoln Laboratory (2023) 1999 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation Dataset. https://www.ll.mit.edu/r-d/datasets/1999-darpa-intrusion-detection-evaluation-dataset
[27]
Shaukat, K., Luo, S., Varadharajan, V., Hameed, I.A. and Xu, M. (2020) A Survey on Machine Learning Techniques for Cyber Security in the Last Decade. IEEEAccess, 8, 222310-222354. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041951
[28]
Modi, C., Patel, D., Borisaniya, B., Patel, H., Patel, A. and Rajarajan, M. (2013) A Survey of Intrusion Detection Techniques in Cloud. JournalofNetworkandComputerApplications, 36, 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2012.05.003
[29]
Ibrahim Hairab, B., Aslan, H.K., Elsayed, M.S., Jurcut, A.D. and Azer, M.A. (2023) Anomaly Detection of Zero-Day Attacks Based on CNN and Regularization Techniques. Electronics, 12, Article 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030573
[30]
Holm, H. (2014) Signature Based Intrusion Detection for Zero-Day Attacks: (Not) a Closed Chapter? 2014 47thHawaiiInternationalConferenceonSystemSciences, Waikoloa, 6-9 January 2014, 4895-4904. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2014.600
[31]
Li, Z., Qin, Z., Shen, P. and Jiang, L. (2019) Zero-Shot Learning for Intrusion Detection via Attribute Representation. In: Gedeon, T., Wong, K. and Lee, M., Eds., Neural Information Processing. ICONIP 2019, Springer International Publishing, 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36708-4_29
[32]
Reazul, M., Rahman, A. and Samad, T. (2017) A Network Intrusion Detection Framework Based on Bayesian Network Using Wrapper Approach. InternationalJournalofComputerApplications, 166, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913992
[33]
d’Aloisio, G., Marco, A.D. and Stillo, G. (2022) Modeling Quality and Machine Learning Pipelines through Extended Feature Models. arXiv: 2207.07528.
[34]
Olson, R.S. and Moore, J.H. (2018) Identifying and Harnessing the Building Blocks of Machine Learning Pipelines for Sensible Initialization of a Data Science Automation Tool. In: Riolo, R., Worzel, B., Goldman, B. and Tozier, B., Eds., Genetic Programming Theory and Practice XIV, Springer, 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97088-2_14
[35]
Kaur, A. and Kaur, I. (2018) An Empirical Evaluation of Classification Algorithms for Fault Prediction in Open Source Projects. JournalofKingSaudUniversity—ComputerandInformationSciences, 30, 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.04.002
[36]
Dupont, G., Lekidis, A., Hartog, J.D. and Etalle, S. (2019) Automotive Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus Intrusion Dataset v2. https://data.4tu.nl/articles/dataset/Automotive_Controller_Area_Network_CAN_Bus_Intrusion_Dataset/12696950/2
[37]
Bari, B.S., Yelamarthi, K. and Ghafoor, S. (2023) Intrusion Detection in Vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus Using Machine Learning: A Comparative Performance Study. Sensors, 23, Article 3610. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073610