The Hidden Double Burden: Formation Mechanisms of Stigma and Nursing Strategies for Male Breast Cancer Patients

Background: Although the incidence of male breast cancer is low, it is accompanied by significant stigma, placing patients under the dual pressures of “disease stigma” and “gender role conflict.” Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of breast cancer cases. These patients often face delayed diagnoses and have unmet psychosocial needs. Existing research largely focuses on female patients, lacking exploration of the “dual stigma” experienced by males [1]. Objective: “When the breast becomes a vessel for male disease, patients must battle not only the tumor but also the stigmatizing label of non-traditional gender identity.” This paper aims to reveal the mechanisms behind the formation of stigma and to develop targeted nursing strategies. Methods: By selecting eight male breast cancer patients treated in the breast tumor surgery department of a tertiary tumor hospital in Guangzhou from January 2022 to February 2025, and using interviews and scale surveys, this study aims to uncover the mechanisms of stigma formation in male cancer patients, providing evidence for gender-sensitive care and improving patient quality of life. Results: Three main paths leading to the “double burden” were identified, and a “triple-combination” nursing framework was proposed. Significance: This work fills a gap in the psychosocial research of male breast cancer, develops an interdisciplinary care intervention program, and promotes gender-sensitive care practices.