This work assessed levels of selected metals in Herbal Alcoholic Drinks (AHB and CGL) produced in Ghana. Three hundred (N = 300) consumers were interviewed to determine drinks frequently consumed. Consumption was CGL (70%) (n = 210) > AHB (20%) (n = 60) > AGB (5%) (n = 15) and (5%) (n = 15) (AGB = JTB). These facts were the basis for selecting AHB and CGL for this work. Herbal Alcoholic Drinks were digested at 180？C with aqua regia and analysed using AAS (Zeeman Varian spectra 220Z) for Pb, Cr and Cu. Recoveries ranged from 97.67% (Cr) - 99.80% (Pb) whilst selected metals contents ranged from 0.28 ± 80.4E？04 mg/mL (Pb) – 0.66 ± 25.1E？01 mg/mL Cr (AHB) and 5.83 ± 42.7E？03 mg/mL (Pb) - 80.6 ± 14.1E？03 mg/mL Cr (CGL). Total Pb, Cr and Cu was 12.34 mg/mL (AHB) < 311.06 mg/mL (CGL) and individual metals exceeded reported levels in similar studies, 1.5 μg/mL (WHO) and 5.0 μg/mL (Organisation International De La Vigne et Du Vin). These levels are health threats to consumers and authorities must institute requisite monitoring schemes to protect consumers from risks associated with these metals.
References
[1]
Motti, R., Bonanomi, G. and de Falco, B. (2022) Wild and Cultivated Plants Used in Traditional Alcoholic Beverages in Italy: An Ethnobotanical Review. European Food Research and Technology, 248, 1089-1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03948-y
[2]
Petrović, M., Vukosavljević, P., Đurović, S., Antić, M. and Gorjanović, S. (2019) New Herbal Bitter Liqueur with High Antioxidant Activity and Lower Sugar Content: Innovative Approach to Liqueurs Formulations. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 4465-4473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03949-6
[3]
Iliyasu, U., Ibrahim, H., Katsayal, U.A., Muhammad, S.I., Shehu, S., Setzer, W.N., etal. (2022) Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Breonadiasalicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I.Wood (Rubiaceae). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46, Article No. 227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00919-5
[4]
Fiaveh, D.Y. (2019) Masculinity, Male Sexual Virility, and Use of Aphrodisiacs in Ghana. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 28, 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060826519887510
[5]
Manortey, S., Mensah, P.A. and Acheampong, G.K. (2018) Evaluating Factors Associated with the Use of Aphrodisiacs among Adult Male Residents in Ashaiman Municipality, Ghana. Open Access Library, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104876
[6]
Sholeye, O.O., Alimi, Z.T., Akinpelu, A. and Jeminusi, O.A. (2022) Alcoholic Beverages and the Health of Young Persons: How Do Undergraduate Students in Remo, Southwest Nigeria See It? African Journal of Health Sciences, 35, 288-297.
[7]
Bremini, J. (2019) Effects of Advertisement on Alcohol Consumption among Students of University of Ghana. Master of Philosophy Thesis, University of Ghana.
[8]
Mensah, N.A., Sanuade, O.A. and Baatiema, L. (2022) Perceptions of Community Members on Contextual Factors Driving Cardiovascular Disease Behavioural Risk in Ghana: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health, 22, Article No. 1240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13646-3
[9]
Sun, R., Gao, Y. and Yang, Y. (2022) Leaching of Heavy Metals from Lead-Zinc Mine Tailings and the Subsequent Migration and Transformation Characteristics in Paddy Soil. Chemosphere, 291, Article 132792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132792
[10]
Miller, J. (2021) What Makes Heavy Metal ‘Heavy’? The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 80, 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaac/kpab065
[11]
Hamimed, S., Jebli, N., Othmani, A., Hamimed, R., Barhoum, A. and Chatti, A. (2022) Nanocelluloses for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater. In: Handbook of Nanocelluloses, Springer, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62976-2_51-1
[12]
Ishii, N. (2022) Systematic Investigation of Lanthanoid Transition Heavy Metal Acetates as Electron Staining Reagents for Protein Molecules in Biological Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 28, 780-789. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927622000411
[13]
Wijayawardena, M.A.A., Megharaj, M. and Naidu, R. (2016) Exposure, Toxicity, Health Impacts, and Bioavailability of Heavy Metal Mixtures. In: Advances in Agronomy, Elsevier, 175-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2016.03.002
[14]
Buzea, C. and Pacheco, I. (2020) Heavy Metals: Definition, Toxicity, and Uptake in Plants. In: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, Springer, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45975-8_1
[15]
Yadav, V., Arif, N., Kováč, J., Singh, V.P., Tripathi, D.K., Chauhan, D.K., et al. (2021) Structural Modifications of Plant Organs and Tissues by Metals and Metalloids in the Environment: A Review. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 159, 100-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.047
[16]
Elgarahy, A.M., Elwakeel, K.Z., Mohammad, S.H. and Elshoubaky, G.A. (2021) A Critical Review of Biosorption of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Waste-water as an Efficient and Green Process. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4, Article 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100209
[17]
ATSDR (2017) Support Document to the 2017 Substance Priority List. http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html
[18]
Hassan, A.I., Khalef, R.N. and Saleh, H.M. (2022) Heavy Metal’s Environmental Impact. In: Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals, IntechOpen, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103907
[19]
Zhou, Y., Addai, F.P., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, F., et al. (2022) Heavy Metal-Induced Lipogenic Gene Aberration, Lipid Dysregulation and Obesogenic Effect: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20, 1611-1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01383-9
[20]
Mishra, D.K., Awasthi, H., Srivastava, D. and Fatima, Z. (2022) Phytochemical: A Treatment Option for Heavy Metal Induced Neurotoxicity. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 19, 513-530. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0325
[21]
Engin, A.B., Engin, E.D. and Engin, A. (2022) Can Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status Be a Prognostic Determinant in COVID-19 Patients? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 95, Article 103937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2022.103937
[22]
Peana, M., Zoroddu, M.A., Pelucelli, A., Medici, S., Cappai, R. and Nurchi, V.M. (2021) Metal Toxicity and Speciation: A Review. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 28, 7190-7208. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210324161205
[23]
Bist, P. and Choudhary, S. (2022) Impact of Heavy Metal Toxicity on the Gut Microbiota and Its Relationship with Metabolites and Future Probiotics Strategy: A Review. Biological Trace Element Research, 200, 5328-5350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03092-4
[24]
Harvey, P.J., Handley, H.K. and Taylor, M.P. (2015) Identification of the Sources of Metal (Lead) Contamination in Drinking Waters in North-Eastern Tasmania Using Lead Isotopic Compositions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 12276-12288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4349-2
[25]
Assi, M.A., Hezmee, M.N.M., Haron, A.W., Sabri, M.Y. and Rajion, M.A. (2016) The Detrimental Effects of Lead on Human and Animal Health. Veterinary World, 9, 660-671. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671
[26]
Rainbow, P.S. (2018). Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658423
[27]
Gebeyehu, H.R. and Bayissa, L.D. (2020) Levels of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables and Associated Health Risks in Mojo Area, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 15, e0227883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227883
[28]
Garai, P., Banerjee, P., Mondal, P. and Saha, N.C. (2021) Effect of Heavy Metals on Fishes: Toxicity and Bioaccumulation. Journal of Clinical Toxicologh, 5, 1-18.
[29]
Rodríguez, J. and Mandalunis, P.M. (2018) A Review of Metal Exposure and Its Effects on Bone Health. JournalofToxicology, 2018, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4854152
Longman, J., Veres, D., Finsinger, W. and Ersek, V. (2018) Exceptionally High Levels of Lead Pollution in the Balkans from the Early Bronze Age to the Industrial Revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, E5661-E5668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721546115
[32]
Dimpe, K.M. and Nomngongo, P.N. (2017) A Review on the Efficacy of the Application of Myriad Carbonaceous Materials for the Removal of Toxic Trace Elements in the Environment. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 16, 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2017.10.001
[33]
Dehghani-Sanij, A.R., Tharumalingam, E., Dusseault, M.B. and Fraser, R. (2019) Study of Energy Storage Systems and Environmental Challenges of Batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 192-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.023
[34]
Kaur, T., Sharma, J. and Singh, T. (2019) Review on Scope of Metallic Alloys in Gamma Rays Shield Designing. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 113, 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.01.016
[35]
National Academies of Sciences (2017) Investigative Strategies for lead-Source Attribution at Superfund Sites Associated with Mining Activities. National Academies Press.
[36]
Jan, A., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I. and Haq, Q. (2015) Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 29592-29630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183
[37]
Rubio, J.M., Masri, S., Torres, I.R., Sun, Y., Villegas, K., Flores, P., et al. (2022) Use of Historical Mapping to Understand Sources of Soil-Lead Contamination: Case Study of Santa Ana, Ca. Environmental Research, 212, Article 113478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113478
[38]
Njati, S.Y. and Maguta, M.M. (2019) Lead-Based Paints and Children’s PVC Toys Are Potential Sources of Domestic Lead Poisoning—A Review. Environmental Pollution, 249, 1091-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.062
[39]
Zhang, Q. and Wang, C. (2020) Natural and Human Factors Affect the Distribution of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution: A Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04728-2
[40]
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., et al. (2018) Trends in China’s Anthropogenic Emissions since 2010 as the Consequence of Clean Air Actions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 14095-14111. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018
[41]
Dignam, T., Kaufmann, R.B., LeStourgeon, L. and Brown, M.J. (2019) Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25, S13-S22. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000000889
[42]
Leoni, C. (2018) Atmospheric Aerosol: Physical-Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment.
[43]
Davidson, A.J., Binks, S.P. and Gediga, J. (2016) Lead Industry Life Cycle Studies: Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Assessment of Lead Battery and Architectural Sheet Production. TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment, 21, 1624-1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-1021-5
[44]
Grant, L.D. (2020) Lead and Compounds. In: Morton, L. and Leikauf, G.D., Eds., Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, Wiley, 627-675.
[45]
Assi, M.A., Hezmee, M.N.M., Haron, A.W., Sabri, M.Y. and Rajion, M.A. (2016) The Detrimental Effects of Lead on Human and Animal Health. Veterinary World, 9, 660-671. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671
[46]
Mishra, S., Bharagava, R.N., More, N., Yadav, A., Zainith, S., Mani, S., et al. (2018) Heavy Metal Contamination: An Alarming Threat to Environment and Human Health. In: Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future, Springer, 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7284-0_5
[47]
World Health Organization (2017) Recycling Used Lead-Acid Batteries: Health Considerations.
[48]
Hauptman, M., Bruccoleri, R. and Woolf, A.D. (2017) An Update on Childhood Lead Poisoning. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 18, 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.010
[49]
Adam, A., Sackey, L.N.A. and Ofori, L.A. (2022) Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Cereals and Legumes Sold in the Tamale Aboabo Market, Ghana. Heliyon, 8, e10162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10162
[50]
Aktepe, N., Baran, M.F. and Baran, A. (2022) Effects of Chronic Exposure to Lead on Some Organs. International Target Medicine Journal, 1, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.29228/targetmedj.57723
[51]
Collin, M.S., Venkatraman, S.K., Vijayakumar, N., Kanimozhi, V., Arbaaz, S.M., Stacey, R.G.S., et al. (2022) Bioaccumulation of Lead (pb) and Its Effects on Human: A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, Article 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100094
[52]
Hao, R., Zhang, G., Li, D. and Zhang, J. (2019) Data Modeling Analysis on Removal Efficiency of Hexavalent Chromium. Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2, 203-213. https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2019014
[53]
Shahid, M., Shamshad, S., Rafiq, M., Khalid, S., Bibi, I., Niazi, N.K., et al. (2017) Chromium Speciation, Bioavailability, Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Soil-Plant System: A Review. Chemosphere, 178, 513-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074
[54]
Herrera, R. (2020) Spectral Decomposition in Large Scale Nuclear Computations: Broken Symmetries of Chromium and Astrophysical PF-Shell Weak Transitions. University of California.
[55]
Abaye, D.A., Odoom, E.B., Boateng, E.Y., Agbo, I.A., Diekuu, J. and Agana, S. (2022) UHAS-MIDA Software Package: Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis-Applying the Inverse Matrix for the Determination of Stable Isotopes of Chromium Distribution during Red Blood Cell Labelling. JournalofDataAnalysisandInformationProcessing, 10, 142-154. https://doi.org/10.4236/jdaip.2022.102009
[56]
Salih, B.M.M. (1999) Evaluation of Chromite Ore and the Optimum Methods for Industrial Extraction of Chromium. Master’s Thesis, University of Khartoum.
[57]
Lughi, V., Lenaz, D., Bonifacio, A., Princivalle, F., Sergo, V. and Parisi, F. (2020) A Raman Spectroscopy Study of the Oxidation Processes in Synthetic Chromite FeCr2O4. Ceramics International, 46, 29382-29387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.059
[58]
El-Sheikh, A.H., Al-Degs, Y.S., Sweileh, J.A. and Said, A.J. (2013) Separation and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Total Chromium and Chromium (III) in Phosphate Rock Used for Production of Fertilizer. Talanta, 116, 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.036
[59]
Iwegbue, C.M.A. (2015) Metal Concentrations in Selected Brands of Canned Fish in Nigeria: Estimation of Dietary Intakes and Target Hazard Quotients. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, Article No. 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4135-5
[60]
Prasad, S., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Cabral-Pinto, M.M.S., Rezania, S., etal. (2021) Chromium Contamination and Effect on Environmental Health and Its Remediation: A Sustainable Approaches. Journal of Environmental Management, 285, Article 112174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112174
[61]
Kuprin, А.S., Belous, V.А., Voyevodin, V.N., Bryk, V.V., Vasilenko, R.L., Ovcharenko, V.D., et al. (2015) Vacuum-arc Chromium-Based Coatings for Protection of Zirconium Alloys from the High-Temperature Oxidation in Air. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 465, 400-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.06.016
[62]
Xavier, J.R. (2022) Novel Multilayer Structural Epoxy Composite Coating Containing Graphene Oxide and Silanized Chromium Carbide for the Protection of Steel Structures. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 19, 1713-1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00643-9
[63]
Gasik, M., Dashevskii, V. and Bizhanov, A. (2020) Metallurgy of Chromium Ferroalloys. In: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Springer, 125-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57502-1_7
[64]
Nakamura, S., Kondo, Y., Nakajima, K., Ohno, H. and Pauliuk, S. (2017) Quantifying Recycling and Losses of Cr and Ni in Steel Throughout Multiple Life Cycles Using Matrace-Alloy. Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 9469-9476. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01683
[65]
Manam, N.S., Harun, W.S.W., Shri, D.N.A., Ghani, S.A.C., Kurniawan, T., Ismail, M.H., et al. (2017) Study of Corrosion in Biocompatible Metals for Implants: A Review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 701, 698-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.196
[66]
Alam, F., Zhang, L., Wei, W., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Dong, C., et al. (2018) Catalytic Systems Based on Chromium (III) Silylated-Diphosphinoamines for Selective Ethylene Tri-/Tetramerization. ACS Catalysis, 8, 10836-10845. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b02698
[67]
Cerro, S., Llusar, M., Gargori, C. and Monrós, G. (2019) Cool and Photocatalytic Yellow Ceramic Pigments; from Lead-Tin to Cr Doped Scheelite Pigments. Ceramics International, 45, 4613-4625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.150
[68]
Vani, C.N., Prajwal, S., Sundararaj, R. and Dhamodaran, T.K. (2022) Chemical Preservatives in Wood Protection. In: Science of Wood Degradation and Its Protection, Springer, 559-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8797-6_16
[69]
Shree, M.K., Arivarasu, L. and Rajeshkumar, S. (2020) Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Chromium Picolinate Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32, 28-32. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030726
[70]
Monga, A., Fulke, A.B. and Dasgupta, D. (2022) Recent Developments in Essentiality of Trivalent Chromium and Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium: Implications on Human Health and Remediation Strategies. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, Article 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100113
[71]
Dubey, R., Verma, P. and Kumar, S. (2022) Cr (III) Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress: An Occupational Health Risk for Leather Tannery Workers of South Asian Developing Countries. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 38, 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337211055131
[72]
Rumbu, R. (2019) Review on Copper Hydrometallurgy. 2RA Edition.
[73]
Masindi, V. and Muedi, K.L. (2018) Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals. Heavy Metals, 10, 115-132.
[74]
Kumi-Arhin, E. (2021) The Contribution Soil Heavy Metals Pollution to the Cause of Destruction of the Coconut Palm in Some Selected Areas of the Central Region of Ghana: A Case Study in Ajumako-Enyan Essiam to Bobikuma. Master of Philosophy Thesis, University of Cape Coast.
[75]
Zamulina, I.V., Gorovtsov, A.V., Minkina, T.M., Mandzhieva, S.S., Burachevskaya, M.V. and Bauer, T.V. (2021) Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity under Long-Term Contamination with Copper. EnvironmentalGeochemistryandHealth, 44, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01044-4
[76]
Armand, R., Koohi, M.K., Sadeghi Hashjin, G. and Khodabande, M. (2020) Evaluation of Toxicity of Engine Oil Enriched with Copper Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Pathology of Intestinal, Liver, Lung and Kidney Tissues. Nanomedicine Research Journal, 5, 13-19.
[77]
Naz, S., Gul, A. and Zia, M. (2019) Toxicity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review Study. IET Nanobiotechnology, 14, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0176
[78]
Taiwo, A.M., Olukayode, S., Ojekunle, O.Z. and Awomeso, J.A. (2021) The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Trace Elements (Co, Cu, Fe, and Zn) in Snacks from Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Southwest, Nigeria. Biological Trace Element Research, 199, 4847-4855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02576-7
[79]
Rawat, S., Pullagurala, V.L.R., Hernandez-Molina, M., et al. (2018) Impacts of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Plants. A Full Life Cycle Study. Environmental Science & Nanotechnology, 5, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EN00697G
[80]
Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011) FAO/WHO, Joint Food Standards Programme, Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, Working Document for Information and Use in Discussions Related to Contaminants and Toxins in the GSCTFF, List of Maximum Levels for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods, (Vol. CF/5 INF/1). Part 1.
[81]
Ishihara, K. (2022) The Accumulation of Copper in the Brain of down Syndrome Promotes Oxidative Stress: Possible Mechanism Underlying Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 71, 16-21. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.21-155
[82]
Barbeira, P. (1997) Simultaneous Determination of Trace Amounts of Zinc, Lead and Copper in Rum by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Talanta, 44, 185-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(96)02030-9
[83]
Cameán, A.M., Moreno, I., López-Artı́guez, M., Repetto, M. and González, A.G. (2001) Differentiation of Spanish Brandies According to Their Metal Content. Talanta, 54, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00623-8
[84]
Soares, E.V., Hebbelinck, K. and Soares, H.M. (2003) Toxic Effects Caused by Heavy Metals in the Yeast saccharomyces Cerevisiae: A Comparative Study. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 49, 336-343. https://doi.org/10.1139/w03-044
[85]
Morin-Crini, N., Loiacono, S., Placet, V., Torri, G., Bradu, C., Kostić, M., et al. (2018) Hemp-Based Adsorbents for Sequestration of Metals: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 17, 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0812-x
[86]
Iwegbue, C.M.A., Ojelum, A.L. and Bassey, F.I. (2014) A Survey of Metal Profiles in Some Traditional Alcoholic Beverages in Nigeria. Food Science & Nutrition, 2, 724-733. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.163
[87]
Salas-Muñoz, S., Valdez-Valdez, E., Mauricio-Castillo, J.A., Salazar-Badillo, F.B., Vega-Carrillo, H.R. and Salas-Luevano, M.A. (2022) Accumulation of as and Pb in Vegetables Grown in Agricultural Soils Polluted by Historical Mining in Zacatecas, Mexico. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10497-4
[88]
Vieira, E., Soares, M.E., Kozior, M., Krejpcio, Z., Ferreira, I.M.P.L.V.O. and Bastos, M.L. (2014) Quantification of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Lager Beers: Variability between Styles and Estimation of Daily Intake of Chromium from Beer. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 9195-9200. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf502657n
[89]
van Wyk, T.N., van Jaarsveld, F. and Caleb, O.J. (2021) Metal Concentrations in Grape Spirits. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 42, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.21548/42-1-4238
[90]
Cabrera-Vique, C., Teissedre, P.L., Cabanis, M.T. and Cabanis, J.C. (2000) Manganese Determination in Grapes and Wines from Different Regions of France. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 51, 103-107. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2000.51.2.103
[91]
Nascimento, R.F., Bezerra, C.W.B., Furuya, S.M.B., Schultz, M.S., Polastro, L.R., Lima Neto, B.S., et al. (1999) Mineral Profile of Brazilian Cachaças and Other International Spirits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 12, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.1998.0801
[92]
Minilu Woldemariam, D. and Singh Chandravanshi, B. (2011) concentration Levels of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Selected Ethiopian Wines. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 25, 4-7. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v25i2.65852
[93]
Pohl, M., Storz, O. and Glogowski, T. (2007) Effect of Intermetallic Precipitations on the Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel. Materials Characterization, 58, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2006.03.015
[94]
Anjos, M.J., Lopes, R.T., de Jesus, E.F.O., Moreira, S., Barroso, R.C. and Castro, C.R.F. (2003) Trace Elements Determination in Red and White Wines Using Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 58, 2227-2232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2003.07.004
[95]
Navarro-Alarcon, M., Velasco, C., Jodral, A., Terrés, C., Olalla, M., Lopez, H., et al. (2007) Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium Content of Alcoholic Beverages and By-Products from Spain: Nutritional Supply. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24, 685-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030601185063
[96]
Informatics, F. (2005) Department of Nutrition. Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research.
[97]
Mundial (2008) Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin.
[98]
Galgano, F., Favati, F., Caruso, M., Scarpa, T. and Palma, A. (2008) Analysis of Trace Elements in Southern Italian Wines and Their Classification According to Provenance. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 41, 1808-1815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.01.015
[99]
Amidžić Klarić, D., Klarić, I., Velić, D. and Vedrina Dragojević, I. (2011) Evaluation of Mineral and Heavy Metal Contents in Croatian Blackberry Wines. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 29, 260-267. https://doi.org/10.17221/132/2009-cjfs
[100]
Ronkainen, N.J. (2016) Determination of Trace Elements in Wine by Atomic Spectroscopy and Electroanalytical Methods. Grape and Wine Biotechnology, 4, 417-439.
[101]
World Health Organization (2011) Adverse Health Effects of Heavy Metals in Children. World Health Organization.
