Climate change poses a growing threat to rural livelihoods in Lao PDR, particularly in upland areas where socio-economic vulnerabilities and limited adaptive capacity heighten risks. Despite this, localized assessments of livelihood vulnerability remain limited, hindering the development of targeted adaptation strategies. This study applies the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and the LVI-IPCC framework to assess household-level vulnerability to climate variability in 15 villages across Beng District, Oudomxay Province. Drawing on quantitative data from 450 households collected under the Mekong Sentinel Landscape Project, the analysis integrates 22 sub-indicators across seven domains: socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, health, social networks, food security, water access, and climate-related shocks. Mang village recorded the highest vulnerability score (LVI = 0.476), associated with low education levels, a high proportion of female-headed households, and heavy reliance on agriculture. Namtouy village exhibited the lowest score (LVI = 0.327), reflecting stronger adaptive capacity and improved water access. The LVI-IPCC framework underscores the combined influence of high exposure and low adaptive capacity in shaping vulnerability outcomes. Gender consistently emerged as a critical factor, with female-headed households showing elevated vulnerability across multiple domains. The findings underscore the importance of integrating gender-responsive, locally tailored, and inclusive approaches into climate adaptation planning. Strengthening education, diversifying livelihoods, enhancing water and health infrastructure, and improving disaster preparedness are essential for building resilience in vulnerable upland communities. The LVI and LVI-IPCC frameworks offer practical tools to support evidence-based policy and investment decisions for climate adaptation in Lao PDR.
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