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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2025

First Study of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry Variability in a Portion of the Southern Atlantic Coast of Cameroon: Impact of Organic Pollution

DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2025.176020, PP. 403-424

Ulrich Joel Felicien Bilounga, Fils Mamert Onana, Antoine Arfao Tamsa, Anselme Crepin Mama, Paul Alain Nana, Emmanuel Henock Dicka, Thomas Ewoukem Efole

Keywords: Carbonate System, Variability, Coastal Ocean, Ocean Acidification, Cameroon

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Abstract:

The carbonate system variability and acidification process remain little understood in the coastal ocean of Cameroon. The aim of this study was to assess the variability of the carbonate system in a portion of the southern coast of Cameroon, and the influence of local seawater physicochemical and biological properties on keys parameters of this system. The study was carried out at three fixed sampling stations (Bp, Kb, and Eb), from September 2021 to August 2022 involving all the seasons encountered in the study area. The carbonate system was determined from Total alkalinity (TA), pH, temperature and salinity, using the CO₂SYS_xls program. In addition, nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and nitrogen ammonia) and chlorophyll-a data were collected simultaneously at each station. The results showed a high variability of the carbonate system parameters on both temporal and spatial scale. TA and bicarbonate ions ( ${HCO}_{3}^{？}$ ) were significantly different between the large rainy season (LRS) and small rainy season (SRS), while ${CO}_{2}$ and ${CO}_{2}$ partial pressure ( ${pCO}_{2}$ ) were significantly different between Kb and Eb sampling stations (p-value < 0.05). The critical thresholds for ocean acidification (OA) seems to not been reached in the southern coastal ocean of Cameroon, given the means values of pH (8.14 ± 0.17), aragonite (3.31 ± 1.3 ？) and calcite (5.3 ± 2.05 ？) saturation states obtained. Salinity appears as the main driver of the variability of TA in the study area, while, nitrogen ammonia and the dissolved carbon dioxide from the degradation of organic matter, respiration and atmospheric absorption, appears as the drivers of pH variation. The large rainy season (LRS) seems to be the most critical period for OA sensitive organisms, while the Bp station looks most vulnerable.

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