道德的“大灾变”——基于麦金泰尔《德性之后》中的论述
The Moral “Catastrophe”—Based on the Discourse in MacIntyre’s “After Virtue”

美国伦理学家麦金泰尔通过著作《德性之后》以道德为中心论题深入地参与进当时西方哲学中政治哲学与道德哲学之间，以及现代性与后现代性之间的争论。本文通过对于麦金泰尔在《德性之后》中所做出的论述的分析，指出他在书中提出了道德的“大灾变”这一论断。在这个论断下，麦金泰尔认为，在这一灾变后，我们在道德上陷入了一种无序的状态，仅仅剩下混乱的道德词汇以及改变了含义的道德判断。而在结合他的对于启蒙运动中的对于道德合理性基础论证的失败的分析的基础上，麦金泰尔呈现了在他看来的所谓人类道德衰退的历史的三阶段。在麦金泰尔看来，启蒙运动以来道德合理性论证的失败在今日道德哲学上就深刻地体现为情感主义的伦理学。而在现代道德哲学全部都宣告失败的基础上，麦金泰尔在“尼采还是亚里士多德”的抉择上选择了后者，提出回到前现代的亚里士多德传统，以此来解决当代西方的道德困境。
American ethicist MacIntyre deeply participated in the debate between political philosophy and moral philosophy, as well as between modernity and postmodernism, in Western philosophy at that time through his work “After Virtue” with morality as the central theme. In the book, MacIntyre proposed the concept of a moral “catastrophe”. Under this argument, MacIntyre believed that after this catastrophe, we have fallen into a state of moral disorder, with only chaotic moral vocabulary and moral judgments that have changed their meanings. On the basis of his analysis of the failure of the Enlightenment’s argument for moral rationality, MacIntyre presented what he believed to be the three stages of human moral decline in history. In MacIntyre’s view, the failure of moral justification since the Enlightenment was deeply reflected in today’s moral philosophy as emotionalist ethics. On the basis of the complete failure of modern moral philosophy, MacIntyre chose the latter in the choice between Nietzsche and Aristotle, proposing to return to the pre-modern Aristotelian tradition in order to solve the moral dilemma of contemporary Western society.