Introduction: Bladder tumors are the 2nd largest urological cancer with an increasing incidence of about 1% per year. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of bladder tumors at the University Clinic of Urology-Andrology of the National University Hospital Center Hubert Koutoukou Maga of Cotonou, to describe the diagnostic aspects, and to evaluate the therapeutic modalities used. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective, and analytical study with a cross-sectional data collection, listing 68 cases of bladder tumors over a 10-year period from January 2013 to December 2022. Results: Men predominated (67.65%) with a sex ratio of 2.09. The mean age of patients was 57.22 ± 13.79 years, with extremes of 16 years and 89 years. The age group of 60 to 69 years was the most represented and made up 29.41% of patients. Hematuria was the main reason for consultation (45.59%). History was dominated by smoking (17.65%) and urinary schistosomiasis (14.71%). One of the patients was exposed to occupational carcinogens. The clinical picture was dominated by conjunctival pallor (47.1%) and deterioration in general condition (42.65%). Para clinically, pelvic ultrasound was performed by 88.24% of patients with a sensitivity of 77.84%. Cystoscopy performed by 36 patients (52.94%) confirmed the lesion in 97.22% of cases. The tumors were budding (88.57%), sessile (97.14%) and multifocal (20%). The non-muscle infiltrating bladder tumor accounted for 51.47% of cases. Histopathological examination was performed in 22 patients (32.35%) with a predominance of urothelial carcinoma. Forty patients (58.82%) had received treatment, including 38 surgeries and 2 endovesical instillations. A total of 61.76% of patients were lost to follow-up, 8.82% had progression-free follow-up, 2.94% had tumor regrowth, and 26.47% died. Conclusion: Bladder tumours remain a public health problem. Diagnosis is clinical and, above all, paraclinical. The best treatment is to prevent risk factors.
References
[1]
Roumiguié, M., Marcq, G., Neuzillet, Y., Bajeot, A.S., Allory, Y., Sargos, P., Leon, P., Audenet, F., Xylinas, E., Pradère, B., Prost, D., Seisen, T., Thibault, C., Masson-Lecomte, A. and Rouprêt, M.(2024) Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l’AFU Actualisation 2024-2026: Tumeurs de la vessie infiltrant le muscle (TVIM). Progrès en Urologie-FMC, 34, F296-F312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpurol.2024.07.211
[2]
Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D. and Jemal, A. (2018) Cancer Statistics, 2018. CA: ACancerJournalforClinicians, 68, 7-30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21442
[3]
Badiaga, C.C. (2019) Aspects épidémiologiques des tumeurs de vessie dans le service d’urologie du CHU Point-G à propos de 185 cas. Revue Africaine d’Urologie et d’Andrologie, 1, 516-519. https://revue-uroandro.org/index.php/uro-andro/article/view/271
[4]
Cumberbatch, M.G.K., Jubber, I., Black, P.C., Esperto, F., Figueroa, J.D., Kamat, A.M., et al. (2018) Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Contemporary Update of Risk Factors in 2018. EuropeanUrology, 74, 784-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.001
[5]
Christoforidou, E.P., et al. (2023) Bladder Cancer and Arsenic through Drinking Water: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Evidence. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 48, 1764-1775. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10934529.2013.823329
[6]
Martinez Rodriguez, R.H., Buisan Rueda, O. and Ibarz, L. (2017) Bladder Cancer: Present and Future. MedicinaClínica (EnglishEdition), 149, 449-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2017.10.005
[7]
Ministère de la santé (2022) Plan directeur national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées. 125.
[8]
Mohamed, M.M., Mohamed, H., Sidi, M.A.S. and Lihbib, M.S. (2024) Aspects épidémio-logiques, cliniques, et thérapeutiques des tumeurs de la vessie en Mauritanie. Health Research in Africa, 2, 83-86.
[9]
Halaseh, S.A., Halaseh, S., Alali, Y., et al. (2022) A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need to Know. Cureus, 14, e27330.
[10]
Lopez-Beltran, A., Cookson, M.S., Guercio, B.J. and Cheng, L. (2024) Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Cancer. BMJ, 384, e076743. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076743
[11]
Engbang, J.P., Moby, H., Soumaï, F.D., Amougou, B., Nwaha, M. and Ngowe, N.M. (2022) Epidemiological, Therapeutic and Evolutive Aspects of Bladder Cancer in Douala. ArchivesofNephrologyandUrology, 5, 9-23.
[12]
Suzuki, T., Sato, T., Sukhbaatar, A., Sakamoto, M., Mori, S., Kodama, T., et al. (2025) Ultrasound Irradiation in the Presence of Microbubbles May Enhance the Antitumor Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agents against Bladder Cancer. JournalofCancer, 16, 368-381. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.100846
[13]
Kassogue, A., Sissoko, I., Diarra, A., Diallo, M.S., Sangare, D., Coulibaly, B., et al. (2024) Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Bladder Tumors in a Schistosomiasis-Endemic Country. OpenJournalofUrology, 14, 151-159. https://doi.org/10.4236/oju.2024.143015
[14]
Maazou, H., Ousmane, M.M.S., Soumana, C., Kodo, A., Seriba, I., Zakou, A.R.H., et al. (2024) Adult Urological Cancers at Zinder National Hospital. OpenJournalofUrology, 14, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.4236/oju.2024.145027
[15]
Chang, S.S., Bochner, B.H., Chou, R., Dreicer, R., Kamat, A.M., Lerner, S.P., et al. (2017) Treatment of Non-Metastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ ASTRO/SUO Guideline. JournalofUrology, 198, 552-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.04.086
[16]
Jin, Y.H., Zeng, X.T., Liu, T.Z., Bai, Z.M., Dou, Z.L., Ding, D.G., etal. (2022) Treatment and Surveillance for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Clinical Practice Guideline (2021 Edition). Military Medical Research, 9, Article No. 44.
[17]
Yin, M., Joshi, M., Meijer, R.P., Glantz, M., Holder, S., Harvey, H.A., et al. (2016) Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Two-Step Meta-analysis. TheOncologist, 21, 708-715. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0440
[18]
Fallara, G., Maida, F.D., Bravi, C.A., De Groote, R., Piramide, F., Turri, F., et al. (2023) A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Robot-Assisted Vs. Open Radical Cystectomy: Where Do We Stand and Future Perspective. MinervaUrologyandNephrology, 75, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6051.23.05065-6
[19]
Diallo, T.M.O., Bah, M.D., Bah, M.B., Barry, A., Kanté, D., Cissé, D., Gnammi, R.L., Diallo, A.B. and Bah, O.R. (2024) Caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et histopathologiques des cancers de la vessie à Conakry. African Urology, 4, 49-53. https://doi.org/10.36303/AUJ.0130
[20]
Odzébé, A.W.S., Bouya, P.A., NKoua Mbon, J.B. and Ekat, M.H. (2010) Les tumeurs de vessie: Aspects épidémiologiques et thérapeutiques à Brazzaville. JournalAfricainduCancer/AfricanJournalofCancer, 3, 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12558-010-0135-8
[21]
Avakoudjo, J., Hounnasso, P., Gouissi, S. and Agounkpe, M. (2015) Tumeurs de vessie: Aspects épidémiologique et diagnostique au Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire de Cotonou (République du Bénin). JournaldelaSociétédeBiologieClinique, 22, 77-80.
[22]
Boureima, O., Hafing, T., Haidjikiema, K., Sikpa, J.N., Abdoul, O.H. and Fasnewendé, A.K. (2020) Aspects Cliniques et Histologiques des Cancers de la Vessie au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo (Ouagadougou). Health Sciences and Disease, 21, 22-25. http://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd/article/view/2138
[23]
Kamissoko, I. (2015) Aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des tumeurs de vessie au Service d’Urologie du CHU du Point G à propos de 74 cas. https://www.bibliosante.ml/handle/123456789/880
[24]
Botcho, G., Tengue, K., Kpatcha, T.M., Leloua, E., Sikpa, K.H., Dare, T., et al. (2015) Cancer de la vessie au Togo: Aspects diagnostiques et therapeutiques au CHU Sylvanus Olympio. Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé, 17, 345-352.
[25]
Lenis, A.T., Lec, P.M., Chamie, K. and MSHS, M. (2020) Bladder Cancer. JAMA, 324, 1980-1991. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17598
[26]
Sylvester, R.J., Oosterlinck, W., Holmang, S., Sydes, M.R., Birtle, A., Gudjonsson, S., et al. (2016) Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Comparing a Single Immediate Instillation of Chemotherapy after Transurethral Resection with Transurethral Resection Alone in Patients with Stage pTa-pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Which Patients Benefit from the Instillation? EuropeanUrology, 69, 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.050
[27]
Jubber, I., Ong, S., Bukavina, L., Black, P.C., Compérat, E., Kamat, A.M., et al. (2023) Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in 2023: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. EuropeanUrology, 84, 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2023.03.029
[28]
Elmahfoudi, A. (2013) Profil épidémiologique des tumeurs de la vessie dans la région de Marrakech. Université CADI AYYAD. https://toubkal.imist.ma/handle/123456789/20235?show=full
[29]
INSAE (2019) Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Économique, Cinquième Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Bénin (EDSB-V) 2017-2018.
[30]
Yedomon, B. (2016) Travail informel au Bénin: Expositions professionnelles et consé-quences sanitaires chez les forgerons-ferblantiers à Cotonou. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01544030v1/preview/2017LIMO0108.pdf
[31]
(2023) Cancers de la vessie: Les points clés—Cancer de la vessie. https://www.e-cancer.fr/Patients-et-proches/Les-cancers/Cancer-de-la-vessie/Les-points-cles
[32]
Branchereau, J. (2010) Les tumeurs urothéliales de vessie de stade pT1 de haut grade? Résultats oncologiques en fonction de la prise en charge. Université de Nantes. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=e9a86d11-afdb-4437-b5be-b7dea328bc7d
[33]
Abbas, N.F., Aoude, M.R., Kourie, H.R. and Al-Shamsi, H.O. (2023) Uncovering the Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in the Arab World: A Review of Risk Factors, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Features. AsianJournalofUrology, 11, 406-422. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214388223001200
[34]
CIRC (2023) Classification des substances cancérogènes. Cancer Environnement. https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/publications-du-circ/classification-des-substances-cancerogenes/
[35]
(2023) Agents Classés par les Monographies du CIRC, Volumes 1-134. Monographies du CIRC sur l’Identification des Dangers Cancérogènes pour l’Homme. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/fr/agents-classes-par-les-monographies-du-circ-2/
[36]
Underwood, J.M., Richards, T.B., Henley, S.J., Momin, B., Houston, K., Rolle, I., et al. (2014) Decreasing Trend in Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence, United States 2005-2009. JournalofCommunityHealth, 40, 414-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9951-6
[37]
Le Faou, A. and Scemama, O. (2005) Épidémiologie du tabagisme. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 22, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0761-8425(05)85768-7
[38]
Scherübl, H. (2023) Tabakrauchen und Krebsrisiko. Pneumologie, 77, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1916-1466
[39]
Freedman, N.D. (2011) Association between Smoking and Risk of Bladder Cancer among Men and Women. JAMA, 306, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1142
[40]
Ibikounlé, M., Satoguina, J., Fachinan, R., Tokplonou, L., Batcho, W., Kindé-Gazard, D., et al. (2013) Épidémiologie de la bilharziose urinaire et des geohelminthiases chez les jeunes scolaires des zones lacustres de la commune de So-Ava, sud-Bénin. JournalofAppliedBiosciences, 70, 5632-5639. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v70i1.98805
[41]
Zaghloul, M.S. (2012) Bladder Cancer and Schistosomiasis. JournaloftheEgyptianNationalCancerInstitute, 24, 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002
[42]
Djibrilla, M.H. (2016) Cancer de la vessie: Aspects épidémiologiques, diagnostiques et thérapeutiques au service d’Onco-Hématologie de l’Hôpital National de Niamey. Universite Abdou Moumouni. https://indexmedicus.afro.who.int/iah/fulltext/Cancer_vessie_aspects_%C3%A9pid%C3%A9miologiques_diagnostiques_th%C3%A9rapeutiques.pdf
[43]
Larré, S., Leon, P. and El Bakri, A. (2016) Cancer de la vessie: Diagnostic et principes de traitement. https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1066738/cancer-de-la-vessie-diagnostic-et-principes-de-travail
[44]
Bellmunt, J. (2015) Bladder Cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 29, xiii-xiv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2014.12.001
[45]
Kadouri, Y., Lachkar, S., Dergamoun, H., El Sayegh, H., Benslimane, L. and Nouini, Y. (2020) Management of the Uncommon Bladder Cancers: A Single-Center Experience over 10 Years. AdvancesinUrology, 2020, Article ID: 7563703. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7563703
[46]
Davis, R., Jones, J.S., Barocas, D.A., Castle, E.P., Lang, E.K., Leveillee, R.J., et al. (2012) Diagnosis, Evaluation and Follow-Up of Asymptomatic Microhematuria (AMH) in Adults: AUA Guideline. JournalofUrology, 188, 2473-2481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.078
Cowan, N.C. and Crew, J.P. (2010) Imaging Bladder Cancer. Current Opinion in Urology, 20, 409-413. https://doi.org/10.1097/mou.0b013e32833cbcb9
[49]
Totaro, A., Pinto, F., Brescia, A., Racioppi, M., Cappa, E., D’Agostino, D., et al. (2010) Imaging in Bladder Cancer: Present Role and Future Perspectives. Urologia Internationalis, 85, 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321279
[50]
Zhang, J., Gerst, S., Lefkowitz, R.A. and Bach, A. (2007) Imaging of Bladder Cancer. RadiologicClinicsofNorthAmerica, 45, 183-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2006.10.005
[51]
Rouprêt, M., Pignot, G., Masson-Lecomte, A., Compérat, E., Audenet, F., Roumiguié, M., et al. (2020) Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l’AFU—Actualisation 2020-2022: Tumeurs de la vessie. Progrès en Urologie, 30, S78-S135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1166-7087(20)30751-x
[52]
Blick, C.G.T., Nazir, S.A., Mallett, S., Turney, B.W., Onwu, N.N., Roberts, I.S.D., et al. (2011) Evaluation of Diagnostic Strategies for Bladder Cancer Using Computed Tomography (CT) Urography, Flexible Cystoscopy and Voided Urine Cytology: Results for 778 Patients from a Hospital Haematuria Clinic. BJUInternational, 110, 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10664.x
[53]
Pignot, G., Touzani, R., Bouhnik, A., Marino, P., Walz, J., Gravis, G., et al. (2018) Annonce du cancer au moment du diagnostic de tumeur de vessie non infiltrant le muscle (TVNIM): Données de la cohorte prospective française VICAN. ProgrèsenUrologie, 28, 717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2018.07.188
[54]
Proye, P., Boissier, R., Bastide, C., Lechevallier, E. and Baboudjian, M. (2022) Optimi-sation de la prise en charge des tumeurs de vessie non infiltrant le muscle: Du diagnostic au traitement. ProgrèsenUrologie—FMC, 32, F44-F49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpurol.2022.01.001
[55]
Neuzillet, Y., Geiss, R., Paillaud, E. and Mongiat-Artus, P. (2019) Optimisation de la prise en charge du cancer de la vessie chez les patients âgés. ProgrèsenUrologie, 29, 849-864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2019.08.273
[56]
Jonosky, J., Adam, A. and Wadee, R. (2025) A Histopathological Snapshot of Bladder Cancer: A Johannesburg Experience of 1480 Histopathology Reports. WorldJournalofUrology, 43, Article No. 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-025-05540-5
[57]
Elmadani, M., Mokaya, P.O., Omer, A.A.A., Kiptulon, E.K., Klara, S. and Orsolya, M. (2025) Cancer Burden in Europe: A Systematic Analysis of the GLOBOCAN Database (2022). BMCCancer, 25, Article No. 447. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-13862-1
[58]
Nhungo, C.J., Nyongole, O.V. and Mkony, C.A. (2025) Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: Techniques, Challenges, and Survival Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review. BMCSurgery, 25, Article No. 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-025-02887-9
[59]
Diao, B., Amath, T., Fall, B., Fall, P.A., Diémé, M.J., Steevy, N.N., et al. (2008) Les cancers de vessie au Sénégal: Particularités épidémiologiques, cliniques et histologiques. ProgrèsenUrologie, 18, 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2008.04.016
[60]
Babjuk, M., Burger, M., Compérat, E.M., Gontero, P., Mostafid, A.H., Palou, J., et al. (2019) European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma inSitu)—2019 Update. EuropeanUrology, 76, 639-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.016
[61]
Sharif-Askari, N.S., Bendardaf, R., Sharif-Askari F.S., El Tabbal, A.M. and El Ayan, M.A. (2018) Incidence of Bladder Cancer in Benghazi, Libya over the Past Three Decades. Scientific Reports, 8, Article Number 10822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29187-y
